AbstractPredictions from a structured cortical model led us to test the hypothesis that music training enhances young children1s spatial-temporal reasoning. Seventy-eight preschool children participated in this study. Thirty-four received private piano keyboard lessons, 20. computer and 24 provided other controls. Four standard, age-calibrated, spatial reasoning tests were given before after training; one assessed three recognition. Significant improvement on was found for group only. No...

In this article, the authors review basic research on adolescent development in neuroscience, psychology, and marketing. The findings indicate that adolescents are more impulsive self-conscious than adults. addition, brain's plasticity makes it vulnerable to harm. Thus, there is emerging justification for restricting adolescents' exposure advertising promotions high-risk, addictive products, especially if behaviors or image benefits depicted.

A great deal of research on emotion and memory has focused the question whether enhances memory. Based this research, investigators have variously claimed that emotional memories are indelible; no special effects at all; leads to enhanced for either congruent or central information. In overview, we review current status these claims. Although considerable progress been made toward understanding how memory, much limited by its treatment as merely “arousal.” Evidence is presented people...

How accurately can people remember how they felt in the past? Although some investigators hold that emotional memories are resistant to change, we review evidence current emotions, appraisals, and coping efforts, as well personality traits, all associated with bias recalling past emotions. Bias occurs of states updated light subsequent experience goals. Biased turn influence future plans may contribute formation enduring traits. People's for emotions provide highly condensed accessible...

This research assessed the stability of peoples' memory for their past emotions over time and role changing appraisals in accounting biases emotion recall. Following Ross Perot's abrupt withdrawal from presidential race July 1992, supporters (N = 227) rated initial emotional reactions described interpretations event. After elections November, 147) again recalled current Perot. In contrast to some models, memories were not indelible, a general tendency overestimate intensity was observed....

Research on the psychological outcomes of reminiscence techniques has led to equivocal findings. The goal this paper is advance current theory guiding research by examining implications viewing as a type autobiographical memory. Butler's classic ‘life review’ (1963) examined, and revisions approach are proposed based concerning Specifically, process delineated through discussion partially reconstructive nature memory relation self. These developments then used predict types that can be...

Metacognitive emotion regulation strategies involve deliberately changing thoughts or goals to alleviate negative emotions. Adults commonly engage in this type of regulation, but little is known about the developmental roots ability. Two studies were designed assess whether 5- and 6-year-old children can generate such and, if so, types metacognitive they use. In Study 1, described how story protagonists could 2, recalled times that personally had felt sad, angry, scared regulated their...

The current study examined false memories in the week preceding 2018 Irish abortion referendum. Participants ( N = 3,140) viewed six news stories concerning campaign events—two fabricated and four authentic. Almost half of sample reported a memory for at least one event, with more than third participants reporting specific event. “Yes” voters (those favor legalizing abortion) were likely “no” to “remember” scandal regarding vote “no,” “yes” “yes.” This difference was particularly strong low...

Abstract Using a theory of emotional understanding, the basis for distinguishing among happiness, anger, and sadness was investigated. Three six-year-old children adults predicted explained people's responses to different types events. The events varied as whether person's goal attain or avoid state, achieved not, who what responsible success failure, outcome intentional accidental. For all groups, attainment maintenance goals primary focus explanations emotions plans that followed emotions....

This research assessed the stability of memory for emotions over time, and relationship between current appraisals emotions. A week after televised announcement verdict in criminal trial Mr Orenthal James (O.J.) Simpson, participants were asked to describe their emotional reactions when they first learned verdict. After a delay two months, again more than year, recalled initial described participants' Simpson's innocence or guilt had changed, less stable memories intensities happiness anger....

Abstract Memory for the emotions evoked by past events guides people's ongoing behaviour and future plans. Evidence indicates that are represented in at least two forms memory with different properties. Explicit memories of emotion can be retrieved deliberately, a flexible manner, across situations. Implicit brought to mind automatically cues resembling context which an emotional event occurred. One property they share, however, is both types subject forgetting bias over time as goals...

The link between emotion regulation and academic achievement is well documented. Less known about specific strategies that promote learning. Six‐ to 13‐year‐olds ( N = 126) viewed a sad film were instructed reappraise the importance, outcome, or ruminate events; another group received no instructions. Children an educational film, memory for this was later assessed. As predicted, reappraisal more effectively attenuated children’s self‐reported emotional processing. Reappraisal enhanced...

This chapter focuses on the representation of emotional experience and way in which emotion thought are interrelated. We present a model that specifies the type knowledge acquired about emotion, in this is organized, how it is used to regulate behavior. describe thinking that occurs during episodes influence each other. also illustrate behavior perceived understood by both children adults, we show differences values and beliefs lead variation responses. As such address issues related...

The present work aims to investigate the relation between appraisals, emotions, and emotion regulation strategies by creating a structural equation model which integrates these three aspects of process. To reach this aim, Italian students (N = 610) confronted with their high school diploma examination completed questionnaire 3 weeks before beginning exam. Results showed that they experienced primarily types emotions—anxiety/fear, frustration/powerlessness, positive emotions—which were...

Emotional memories are vivid and lasting but not necessarily accurate. Under some conditions, emotion even increases people’s susceptibility to false memories. This review addresses when why leaves people vulnerable misremembering events. Recent research suggests that pregoal emotions—those experienced before goal attainment or failure (e.g., hope, fear)—narrow the scope of attention information is central their goals. narrow focus can impair memory for peripheral details, leaving...

Reports of emotions experienced over the past week can be influenced by memory bias, which is more pronounced for people with depression. No studies, however, have examined bias specific emotion clusters (e.g., sadness, anxiety, and anger) on a day-to-day basis among depression or history Participants (N = 1,657) from Midlife in United States Study were assessed Approximately 6 months later, participants reported their emotional experiences 8 days recalled these final day. Differences...

Abstract Individuals often feel that they remember positive events better than negative ones, but do they? To investigate the relation between emotional valence and malleability of memory for real‐world events, we assessed participants' emotions memories concerning televised announcement verdict in murder trial O. J. Simpson. Memory was actual plausible foils. Participants who were happy about reported recalling with greater clarity after two months, recognised more a year, participants...

Abstract Vignette and autobiographical recall studies have often been used to test models of the appraisals associated with specific emotions. Recently, critiques both methodologies called into question applicability appraisal theory naturally-occurring emotional responses. This study examined supporter's responses Ross Perot's withdrawal from 1992 presidential race assess extent which accurately capture a event. Supporters in Riverside County, California (N = 227) completed questionnaires...

This research examined the effects of happiness, anger, and sadness on participants' memory for different types information in a narrative. Happiness negative emotions were evoked undergraduates (N = 263) by randomly assigning grades "A" or "D" surprise quiz. Immediately afterwards, subjects participated what they believed to be an unrelated study during which heard recalled narrative described their emotional state. Participants positive emotion condition more as whole than did participants...

After Ross Perot's abrupt withdrawal from the presidential race in July of 1992, supporters (n = 227) rated their initial emotional reactions and described coping strategies. elections November 147) recalled reactions. In contrast to claims that subjective intensity decreases with age, older adults (71-84 years, M 75) initially reported feeling just as sad, angry, hopeful middle-aged (46-70 60) younger (22-45 37). Older were more likely than middle-age disengage thwarted political goals,...

Undergraduates (N = 189) rated their test anxiety and emotions immediately before a midterm examination recalled those feelings 1 week later. Students who learned they had done well on the exam underestimated, poorly overestimated, pre-exam anxiety. Personality traits emotional states together predicted memory distortion. Specifically, intensity of states, such as anxiety, which in turn later distortion recalling negative positive emotions. Also, students with personality were particularly...