It would be unwise to assume 'conventional' lithium-ion batteries are approaching the end of their era and so we discuss current strategies improve next generation systems, where a holistic approach will needed unlock higher energy density while also maintaining lifetime safety. We by briefly reviewing areas fundamental science advances enable revolutionary new battery systems.

The present work utilizes Raman and infrared (IR) spectroscopy, supported by X-ray diffraction (XRD) photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to re-examine the fine structural details of Ni(OH)2, which is a key material in many energy-related applications. This also unifies large body literature on topic. Samples were prepared galvanostatic basification nickel salts aging deposits hot KOH solutions. A simplified model presented consisting two fundamental phases (α β) Ni(OH)2 range possible disorder...

The mitigation of decomposition reactions lithium-ion battery electrolyte solutions is critical importance in controlling device lifetime and performance. However, due to the complexity system, exacerbated by diverse set compositions, electrode materials, operating parameters, a clear understanding key chemical mechanisms remains elusive. In this work, operando pressure measurements, solution NMR, electrochemical methods were combined study oxidation reduction at multiple cell voltages....

Ni-based catalysts in aqueous alkaline media are low-cost electrode materials for electrolytic hydrogen generation, a renewable method of producing fuel and industrial feedstock. However, Ni cathodes show significant decrease their evolution reaction (HER) activity after several hours electrolysis. Further, electrolysers often subjected to transient anodic currents, the effects which on not well-known. We consider source deactivation temporary currents smooth metallic electrodes solutions by...

The increase in popularity of group work higher education has been accompanied by an the frequency reports students not equally contributing to within groups. Referred as ‘free-riders’, effect this behaviour on other can make unpleasant experience for some. Of most frustration is receiving same mark their fellow non-contributing members despite producing much group’s work. Identifying free-riding early a project help reduce impact it members. What also be identified that necessarily due...

This work reports measurements of the dielectric constants ethylene carbonate (EC)/ethyl methyl (EMC) blends between 25 and 60 °C. Dielectric were measured using a cylindrical capacitance cell frequency response analyzer. EC EMC form nonideal mixtures that cannot be described by simple linear mixing model. A quadratic rule was instead adopted, parameter is reported for 25–60 The results this research may used to calculate constant any EC/EMC mixture over temperature range with ≤4% estimated...

Inorganic surface coatings such as Al2O3 are commonly applied on positive electrode materials to improve the cycling stability and lifetime of lithium-ion cells. The beneficial effects typically attributed chemical scavenging corrosive HF physical blockage electrolyte components from reaching surface. present work combines published thermochemistry data with new density functional theory calculations propose a mechanism action: spontaneous reaction LiPF6 salt Al2O3-based coatings. Using 19F...

The capacity fade mechanisms of LiCoO2/Si-alloy:graphite pouch cells filled with a 1M LiPF6 EC:EMC:FEC (27:63:10) electrolyte were studied using galvanostatic cycling, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy on symmetric cells, gas-chromatography and differential voltage analysis. Analysis the gas generated during first cycle indicated that FEC reacts at negative electrode following 1-electron reduction pathway other pathways do not lead to formation gaseous products. An analysis showed is...

The development of new positive electrode materials is on route to increase the energy density lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) for electric vehicle and grid storage applications. performance typically evaluated using hand-made half coin cells with material as a piece lithium foil negative. Whereas are easy make can give reproducible data, they fail accurately predict how would perform in full cell. present work develops methods prepare cells, graphite negative material. Detailed instructions...

Permanent disposal of high level nuclear waste in containers that employ steel as a structural element and copper corrosion barrier material is favoured design concept several countries. This review considers possible processes can affect these packages demonstrates the methodology used to calculate depth over package service life Canadian deep geological repository environment. Four sub-allowances are considered: oxic due trapped oxygen, radiation-influenced corrosion, anoxic aqueous...

The applications of in situ vibrational spectroscopy for identifying bulk and surface Ni(OH)2 are discussed. Raman spectra from α- β-Ni(OH)2 samples immersed water generally similar to those collected comparable dry samples. However, the scattering intensities vary, additionally exhibits a O-H stretching mode at 3690 cm(-1). Using spectroscopy, spontaneous transformation α-Ni(OH)2 room-temperature was monitored. Such transformations conventionally performed high-temperature alkaline media....

Eventual rapid capacity loss or "rollover" failure of lithium-ion cells during long-term cycling (>3000 cycles in many cases) at room temperature was studied with Li[Ni0.5Mn0.3Co0.2]O2/graphite pouch cells. The effects positive electrode material coating, electrolyte additives, upper cutoff voltage, LiPF6 concentration, cell rest periods, thickness, graphite type and solvent formulation were probed. Cells tested under 1C charge discharge "rate maps" (discharges C/20, C/2, 1C, 2C, 3C) applied...

Understanding how lithium-ion dynamics affect the (de)lithiation mechanisms of state-of-the-art nickel-rich layered oxide cathodes is crucial to improve electrochemical performance. Here, we directly observe two distinct kinetically induced lithium heterogeneities within single-crystal LiNixMnyCo(1−x−y)O2 (NMC) particles using recently developed operando optical microscopy, challenging notion that uniform occurs individual particles. Upon delithiation, a rapid increase in diffusivity at...

A review of literature focusing upon geographic accessibility to health facilities indicates that while distance has been the traditional measure, travel time may now be a more meaningful indicator. Applying 30-minute standard general hospitals, as advocated by various plans, this paper illustrates an approach determination through combination file and sociodemographic profiles. Focusing all residents West Virginia, study identifies number characteristics persons who reside within beyond...

Fast-charging lithium-ion cells require electrolyte solutions that balance high ionic conductivity and chemical stability. The introduction of an organic ester co-solvent is one route can improve the rate capability a cell. Several new candidates were identified based on viscosity, permittivity (dielectric constant), DFT-calculated electrochemical stability windows. formate, nitrile, ketone, amide co-solvents are shown to increase lithium hexafluorophosphate in conventional...

Electrolyte systems based on binary mixtures of organic carbonate ester cosolvents have limitations in ionic transport and thus limit extreme fast charge (XFC) high-rate cycling energy dense lithium-ion cells with thick electrodes (>80 μm per side) at ambient temperature below. Here, we present LiPF6 methyl acetate (MA) as an ester-based liquid electrolyte that offers substantial improvements transport, doubling the conductivity conventional systems. Density functional theory-based molecular...

<h3>Background:</h3> In Canada, Indigenous Peoples continue to experience persistent health inequities, resulting in disproportionately poorer outcomes compared with non-Indigenous Canadians. This study engaged patients accessing care Vancouver, about their experiences of racism and improving cultural safety within care. <h3>Methods:</h3> A research team consisting researchers committed employing a Two-Eyed Seeing approach conducting culturally safe hosted 2 sharing circles May 2019 people...

The corrosion behaviour of nuclear fuel waste containers depends on the near-field environmental conditions, which may differ significantly from those in host rock, especially during early thermal-saturation transient phase. Although it is widely accepted that, broad terms, repository evolves initially warm and oxidising to cool anoxic long term, important understand detailed nature environment order predict container with confidence. Available information about briefly reviewed expected...

The Nuclear Waste Management Organization (NWMO) has developed a comprehensive Proof Test Plan to evaluate the feasibility and safety of its deep geological repository solution for nuclear waste. This work plan includes many active research programs build confidence in Canadian used fuel container design, copper-coated steel vessel that is optimised CANDU waste form. Ongoing within several possible extent damage may be caused by various corrosion mechanisms: anoxic copper pure water,...

A new method is introduced for determining unknown concentrations of major components in typical lithium-ion battery electrolytes. The quick, cheap, and accurate. Machine learning techniques are used to match features the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum an electrolyte same a database FTIR spectra with known compositions. With this method, LiPF6 can be determined similar accuracy precision as inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) method. ratios organic...