Cancer incidence and mortality projections are important for understanding the evolving landscape cancer risk factors as well anticipating future burden on health service.We used an age-period-cohort model with natural cubic splines to estimate cases deaths from 2015 2035 based 1979-2014 UK data. This was converted rates using ONS population projections. Modified data sets were generated breast prostate cancers.Cancer projected decrease by 0.03% in males increase 0.11% females yearly between...

Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus hemionus), and cattle frequently co-occur on landscapes in the northwestern United States. We hypothesized that niche overlap would be greatest between introduced with either of 2 native herbivores because coevolution should have resulted strong patterns resource partitioning. observed differences among species use space, especially elevation, steepness slope, logged forests. used temporal windows to examine both...

We examined dietary niches of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), North American elk (Cervus elaphus), and free-ranging cattle (Bos taurus) that frequently co-occur in western America. tested the hypothesis those three species would exhibit little overlap diet deer, smallest body size species, forage more selectively than either or cattle. determined composition from microhistological analysis used principal components to assess niches. In addition conventional methods, we also assessed whether...

Maintenance of movement corridors is a fundamental component the conservation biological diversity, and especially critical for terrestrial species that migrate extended distances. Highways interstate freeways fragment often result in increased mortality migrants from collisions with vehicles. Wildlife crossing structures are an important tool multiple ecosystems to allow safe passage wildlife across roadways. Indeed, have been used extensively Europe increasing frequency North America...

Abstract Natural and anthropogenic boundaries have been shown to affect population dynamics structure for many species with movement patterns at the landscape level. Understanding rates in field that are cryptic occur low densities is often extremely difficult logistically prohibitive; however genetic techniques may offer insights previously unattainable. We analysed thirteen microsatellite loci 739 mountain lions ( P uma concolor ) using muscle tissue samples from individuals G reat B asin...

Resource selection functions (RSFs) are tremendously valuable for ecologists and resource managers because they quantify spatial patterns in utilization by wildlife, thereby facilitating identification of critical habitat areas characterizing specific features that selected or avoided. RSFs discriminate between known-use units (e.g., telemetry locations) available (or randomly selected) based on an array environmental features, their standard form performed using logistic regression. As...

Abstract Bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) can live in extremely harsh environments and subsist on submaintenance diets for much of the year. Under these conditions, energy stored as body fat serves an essential reserve supplementing dietary intake to meet metabolic demands survival reproduction. We developed equations predict ingesta-free bighorn using ultrasonography condition scores vivo carcass measurements postmortem. then used investigate relationships between fat, pregnancy, overwinter...

In heterogeneous landscapes, large herbivores employ plastic behavioral strategies to buffer themselves against negative effects of environmental variation on fitness. Yet, the mechanisms by which individual responses such scale up influence population performance remain uncertain. Analyses space-use behaviors exemplify this knowledge gap, because are often assumed, but rarely demonstrated, have direct fitness consequences. We combined fine-scale data forage biomass and quality with movement...

Animal movements among habitat patches or populations are important for maintaining long-term genetic and demographic viability, but connectivity may also facilitate disease spread persistence. Understanding factors that influence animal is critical to understanding potential transmission risk persistence of communicable in spatially structured systems. We evaluated effects sex, age Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae infection status at capture on intermountain seasonal movement rates observed desert...

ABSTRACT Understanding herbivore optimization has implications for theories underpinning ecosystem processes, management of large herbivores, and the landscapes they inhabit. We designed an experiment to examine interactions related density dependence North American elk (Cervus elaphus) resulting plant responses herbivory in Blue Mountains Oregon, USA, from 1999 2001. experimentally created high (20.1 elk/km2) low (4.1 population densities built exclosures effects on productivity species...

The principle of energy allocation states that individuals should attempt to maximize fitness by allocating resources optimally among growth, maintenance, and reproduction. Such may result in trade-offs between survival reproduction, or current future We used a marked population North American elk (Cervus elaphus) determine how energetic costs reproduction the year affect subsequent year. Using multistate mark-recapture model we examined influence individual environmental variation on these...

ABSTRACT Cougars ( Puma concolor ) occupy mountain ranges throughout the Great Basin, Nevada, USA, where legal trapping of bobcats Lynx rufus is common and some non‐target captures cougars in bobcat traps occur. Such incidental capture an undocumented source mortality because die from injuries several weeks after release traps. We examined cause‐specific effects on annual overall (7‐year) survival during 2009–2015. captured 48 cougars, which we followed 33 until death. estimated average...

Abstract Animals select habitats based on food, water, space, and cover. Each of those components are essential to the ability an individual survive reproduce in a particular habitat. Selection resources is linked reproductive fitness individuals likely vary how they relative their state: during pregnancy, while provisioning young when nutritional needs mother high, but offspring vulnerable predation, or if lose mortality. We investigated effects state selection by maternal female desert...

We examined spatial distributions and resource partitioning among female mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) North American elk (Cervus elaphus) during summer winter in southeastern Idaho, USA. Our objective was to understand differences habitat selection by these two species of large herbivores a sagebrush-steppe ecosystem. used multi-response permutation procedures examine seasonal elk. compared animal locations with random on GIS-based map importance. Both were more widely distributed than...

Abstract We examined interactions related to resource partitioning and competition with density‐dependent processes among mule deer Odocoileus hemionus North American elk Cervus elaphus at two different population densities of elk. used an experimental approach examine changes in diet diversity, selection diets, dietary importance, niche breadth overlap sympatric species large herbivores density one species. hypothesized that diets both would change changing be expanded include forages lower...

Abstract Climate models predict that shifts in temperature and precipitation patterns are likely to occur across the globe. Changing climate will have strong effects on arid environments as a result of increased temperatures, increasing frequency intensity droughts, less consistent pulses rainfall. Therefore, understanding link between precipitation, temperature, population performance species occupying these continue increase importance climatic within natural ecosystems. We sought evaluate...

ABSTRACT Natural controls on the distribution, abundance, or growth rates of exotic species are a desirable mode intervention because lower costs compared to anthropogenic and greater social acceptance. In Great Basin, cougars ( Puma concolor ) most widely distributed carnivore capable killing large ungulate prey. Populations feral horses Equus ferus throughout Basin can grow at up 20%/year. Although exhibit distributional overlap with horses, it has been assumed that predation is minimal...

Abstract We studied group size, composition, and mating activities in American bison ( Bison ) during rut on the Delta Junction Range interior Alaska, USA, 1996 1997. Our purpose was to determine effects of large males (≥5 yr old) associated activities. Groups with were larger than those containing smaller males. Most groups mixed‐sex (90%), but occurred only one‐half all groups. Moreover, females more likely copulate males, indicating a female preference for Nevertheless, our results are...

Natural selection favors individuals that respond with effective and appropriate immune responses to macro or microparasites. Animals living in populations close ecological carrying capacity experience increased intraspecific competition, as a result are often poor nutritional condition. Nutritional condition, turn, affects the amount of endogenous resources available for investment function. Our objective was understand relationship between function density dependence mediated by trade-offs...