Abstract The recently proposed digital coding metasurfaces make it possible to control electromagnetic (EM) waves in real time, and allow the implementation of many different functionalities a programmable way. However, current configurations are only space-encoded, do not exploit temporal dimension. Here, we propose general theory space-time modulated obtain simultaneous manipulations EM both space frequency domains, i.e., propagation direction harmonic power distribution simultaneously. As...

Optical non-linear phenomena are typically observed in natural materials interacting with light at high intensities, and they benefit a diverse range of applications from communication to sensing. However, controlling harmonic conversion efficiency flexibility remains major issue modern optical radio-frequency systems. Here, we introduce dynamic time-domain digital-coding metasurface that enables efficient manipulation spectral distribution. By dynamically modulating the local phase surface...

Intelligence at either the material or metamaterial level is a goal that researchers have been pursuing. From passive to active, metasurfaces developed be programmable dynamically and arbitrarily manipulate electromagnetic (EM) wavefields. However, require manual control switch among different functionalities. Here, we put forth smart metasurface has self-adaptively reprogrammable functionalities without human participation. The capable of sensing ambient environments by integrating an...

Abstract Digital coding metasurfaces are aimed at simplifying the design and optimization procedures, manipulating electromagnetic waves in digital manner. In this paper, a multilayered anisotropic metasurface is designed to realize multiple independent functionalities by changing polarization direction of incident waves. As proof concept, beam deflection, diffuse scattering, vortex generation realized using only single transmission‐reflection‐integrated (TRI) metasurface. This can achieve...

Owing to the capability of providing a certain phase gradient on interface between two media, metasurfaces have shown great promise for altering directions outgoing electromagnetic (EM) waves arbitrarily. With suitable arrangement particles metasurfaces, anomalous reflection and refraction been observed in wide frequency ranges. To completely control propagation EM waves, both amplitude profiles are required some applications. Herein, we propose new type metasurface with modulations, which...

Abstract Treating osteoarthritis (OA) associated pain is a challenge with the potential to significantly improve patients lives. Here, we report on hydrogel for extracellular RNA scavenging and releasing bevacizumab block neurovascularization at osteochondral interface, thereby mitigating OA disease progression. The formed by cross-linking aldehyde-phenylboronic acid-modified sodium alginate/polyethyleneimine-grafted protocatechuic acid (OSAP/PPCA) sustained-release nanoparticles (BGN@Be),...

Abstract Since the advent of digital coding metamaterials, a new paradigm is unfolded to sample, compute and program electromagnetic waves in real time with one physical configuration. However, inconvenient truth that actively tunable building blocks such as diodes, varactors, biased lines must be individually controlled by computer‐assisted field programmable gate array physically connected electrical wires power suppliers. This issue becomes more formidable when elements are needed for...

Abstract Coding metasurfaces are aimed at representing digital information of the metasurface, usually by programing unit cells to control electromagnetic waves. However, some sequences cannot be recognized receiver, because nonorthogonality usual phase codes. Here, new coding method is proposed encode with orthogonal parameters in emitting beam, which reduces loss system. A vector beam modulator combining polarizations and orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes. normal incident wave can...

In modern wireless communications, digital information is firstly converted to analog signal by a digital-analog convertor, which then mixed high-frequency microwave be transmitted through series of devices including modulator, mixer, amplifier, filter, and antenna finally received terminals via reversed process. Although the communication systems have evolved significantly over past thirty years, basic architecture has not been challenged. Here, we propose method transmit directly...

Abstract Digital coding metasurfaces have been introduced to describe the properties of digitally and provide a new approach link physical world information science. However, most current digital are focused on phase code, limiting their functions applications. Here, concept reflection–transmission (R–T) amplitude code is established, novel for full‐space electromagnetic (EM) manipulations proposed, in which states R–T “0” “1” represent total reflection transmission, respectively. The...

Abstract For the intelligence of metamaterials, -sensing mechanism and programmable reaction units are two important components for self-recognition -determination. However, their realization still face great challenges. Here, we propose a smart sensing metasurface to achieve self-defined functions in framework digital coding metamaterials. A unit that can simultaneously process channel realize phase-programmable capability is designed by integrating radio frequency (RF) power detector PIN...

Digital coding metasurfaces have attracted attention due to their advantages compared metamaterials. Many devices been proposed by encoding the phase responses on such as orbit angular momentum generation, prefect absorbers, and holography. For complete manipulation for propagation of electromagnetic waves, it would be beneficial control both amplitude responses. Here, we propose a metasurface with independent profiles, which is composed four unit cells, all cells range from 0.3 0.7. The...

Manipulating the polarization of electromagnetic waves is an important topic in metamaterial research, but conventional methods for tailoring are usually passive or function-limited. To address this issue, authors create reprogrammable states with a digital coding metasurface to achieve diverse modulations. By applying distinct sequences, angle reflected beam can be modulated as desired. This flexible, efficient approach will promote applications communication and imaging, increase potential...

We study space-time modulated digital coding metasurfaces that enable simultaneous manipulations of electromagnetic waves in both space and frequency domains, including harmonic beam steering/shaping scattering-signature control. Our theoretical predictions are good agreement with experimental results at microwave frequencies, may find interesting applications to a variety fields, wireless communications, cognitive radars, adaptive beamforming, holographic imaging.

Abstract Digital coding metasurface is aimed at building up a bridge between physics and information science. Higher capacity of the digital means more powerful ability to control electromagnetic waves. Here, multiband improve proposed. The structures can provide 2‐bit states three separate frequency bands (C, X, Ku). It shown that proposed eliminate in‐band interference path degradation by introducing an operator frequency‐hopping spread spectra, from which flexible beam controls be...

Complete control of spatially propagating waves (PWs) and surface (SWs) is an ultimate goal that scientists engineers seek for, in which negative reflection PW wave are two exotic phenomena. Here, we experimentally demonstrate anisotropic digital coding metasurface capable controlling both PWs SWs with a single pattern. On the basis description metasurfaces, simple method proposed to allow dual functionalities (either or SW manipulations) under orthogonal polarizations at arbitrarily oblique...

Abstract Facilitated by ultrafast dynamic modulations, spatiotemporal metasurfaces have been identified as a pivotal platform for manipulating electromagnetic waves and creating exotic physical phenomena, such dispersion cancellation, Lorentz reciprocity breakage, Doppler illusions. Motivated emerging information-oriented technologies, we hereby probe the information transition mechanisms induced variations present general model to characterize processing capabilities of metasurface. Group...

Abstract We propose a theory to characterize the information and processing abilities of metasurfaces, demonstrate relation between metasurface its radiation pattern in far-field region. By incorporating general aperture model with uncertainty L2-space, we predict upper bound contained metasurface, reveal theoretical limit orthogonal states. The proposed also provides guidance for inverse design respect given functionalities. Through investigation disordered-phase modulated find invariance...

Abstract A tunable spoof surface plasmon transmission line (SSP‐TL) is proposed and investigated, which periodically loaded with varactors short‐circuit stubs. Compared the common SSP‐TL open‐circuit stubs, exhibits better compactness higher tunability. The dispersion impedance features are analyzed using T‐matrix method. can also be biased in a conventional microstrip bias circuit, seamlessly integrated into circuits. As applications, frequency‐reconfigurable compact Wilkinson power divider...

Abstract Herein, a new design method to realize anomalously perfect reflections based on digital coding metasurfaces is proposed. Previous studies usually rely impedance matching, which requires complicated analyses and calculations. Based the of metasurfaces, simple generate for different reflection angles with high efficiency presented. 3‐bit units are designed verified provide phase responses 0°, 45°, 90°, 133°, 176°, 221°, 269°, 302°. Four patterns created demonstrate reflections....

Studies of geometric phases arising in metasurfaces have focused on the Pancharatnam-Berry (PB) phase, locking spin states to a symmetric profile. This work shows how realize instead Aharonov-Anandan (AA) by mimicking single ballistic Aharonov-Bohm ring with metastructures. Spin-symmetry restriction is broken combining AA and PB phases, merged phase can impose desired profile an arbitrary polarization, enable manipulation photonic Hall effect, superpose spin-\textonehalf{} charges, break...

In modern wireless communications, digital information is firstly converted to analog signal by a digital-analog convertor, which then mixed high-frequency microwave be transmitted through series of devices including modulator, mixer, amplifier, filter, and antenna finally received terminals via reversed process. Although the communication systems have evolved significantly over past thirty years, basic architecture has not been challenged. Here, we propose method transmit directly...

Abstract A class of anisotropic, transmissive electromagnetic metasurfaces is presented, which enable independent and simultaneous control copolarized phase amplitude responses to two linear, orthogonal polarizations. By varying the geometrical parameters, transmission response proposed structure can yield a full coverage, accompanied by broadly adjustable negligible cross‐polarized components. The amplitude‐phase together with novel anisotropic character allows efficient implementation...

Abstract Next‐generation inter‐chip communication requires ultrafast ultra‐compact interconnects. Designer plasmonics offers a possible route towards this goal. Further development of the plasmonic technique to circuit applications direct amplification signals on compact platform. However, significant signal distortions and limited operational speeds prevent application traditional MOS‐based amplifiers plasmonics. Up day, surface plasmons without phase distortion has remained scientific...

We describe optically transparent coding metasurfaces based on indium tin oxide (ITO) thin films with high optical transparency and good electric conductivity. Four are designed to realize desired scattering patterns. Three of them produce anomalous reflections for normally incident electromagnetic (EM) waves by encoding specific digital The fourth achieves diffusion-like reduce the backward radar cross section (RCS) an optimized random sequence. An ITO element a glass substrate is applied...