Abstract Thermal conversion of biomass is often carried out in packed‐bed furnaces. Optimization thermal efficiency and furnace emissions an important goal, which requires accurate understanding all physical chemical effects the reactor. A combined transient single particle fuel‐bed model presented. The discretized, a representative chosen discretized radial direction at each grid point. Mass, momentum energy balances are solved for entire system. Drying modeled using equilibrium approach,...

Abstract Numerical simulations of granular flow in a cylindrical vessel agitated by four‐blade impeller were performed using the discrete element method. Velocity, density, and stress profiles within mixer displayed periodic behavior with fluctuation frequency equal to that blade rotation. Blade orientation was found affect patterns mixing kinetics. For an obtuse pitch orientation, three‐dimensional recirculation zone develops in‐front due formation heaps where blades are present. This...

A continuous tubular crystallizer system with an inner diameter of 2.0 mm and overall length 27 m was used to generate acetylsalicylic acid seeds in situ from ethanolic solution via cooling ultrasound irradiation grow the crystals tubing a controlled temperature trajectory. In order minimize residence time distribution, air bubbles were introduced into segmented gas-slurry flow. The narrow distribution tight control small due large surface volume ratio resulted relatively crystal size...

Protein crystals have many important applications in fields, including pharmaceutics. Being more stable than other formulations, and having a high degree of purity bioavailability, they are especially promising the area drug delivery. In this contribution, development continuously operated tubular crystallizer for production protein has been described. Using model enzyme lysozyme, we successfully generated product particles ranging between 15 40 μm size. At reactor inlet, solution was mixed...

Abstract Detailed, high‐resolution numerical simulations have been performed on the buoyancy‐driven motion of deformable, chemically reacting bubbles for different operating conditions, that is, Weber, Morton, and Schmidt numbers. In our bubble shapes types wakes were observed. The wake range from a closed without recirculation, to with an unsteady wake, leading vortex‐shedding wakes. Two bubble‐rise trajectories observed conditions: straight zigzag shaped. mass‐transfer rates yields...

A continuously operated tubular crystallizer system with an inner diameter of 2.0 mm has been successfully operated. It allows the crystallization active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) under controlled conditions. Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) which was crystallized from ethanol (EtOH) used as model substance. An ethanolic suspension ASA-seeds fed into system, where it mixed a slightly undersaturated ASA−EtOH solution that kept at elevated temperature in its storage vessel. Supersaturation...

Abstract The discrete element method was used to study the effect of mixer properties and fill level on granular flow monodisperse, cohesionless spheres in a bladed mixer. For levels just covering span blades, three‐dimensional (3‐D) recirculation zone develops front which promotes vertical radial mixing. Increasing reduces size zone, decreases bed dilation hinders particle diffusivities. However, above critical level, behavior particles within blade is found be invariant level. At low‐fill...

The synthesis and characterization of a novel catalytic system including Pd(OAc)(2) attached to bis(oxazoline) (=BOX) ligand that is covalently bonded 3-mercaptopropyl-functionalized silica gel presented. catalyst was tested for Suzuki-Miyaura reactions different aryl halides with phenylboronic acid. heterogeneity the investigated using approaches, indicating there virtually no Pd leaching into reaction solution under applied conditions. Furthermore, our results show can be reused multiple...

Abstract This study investigates the effects of seed loading on mean crystal size model substance, acetylsalicylic acid, crystallized from ethanol in a continuously seeded tubular crystallizer. A hot, highly concentrated ethanolic acid solution was mixed with an acid‐ethanol suspension. Subsequent cooling slurry tubing promoted supersaturation and hence growth. The shape 15 m‐long crystallizer inner diameter 2 mm enabled narrow residence time distributions crystals pipe excellent temperature...