Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) have received a huge interest in military and civil applications. Applications of UAS are dependent on successful communications these systems with different entities their networks. A network can include the UAS, ground control station, navigation satellite system, automatic surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B) receiver. Through entities, is vulnerable to cyber-attacks such as GPS spoofing. In this attack, malicious user transmits fake signals receiver UAS. The...

With the increase in utilization of portable devices and ever-growing demand for greater data rates wireless transmission, an increasing spectrum channels was observed since last decade. Currently, radio are assigned quite long time periods to licensed subscribers who may not constantly use these bands, which leads inefficient spectrum. The concept cognitive technology suggested deal with problem scarcity caused by underutilization A system is able sense its functional geographical...

Abstract Diseases caused by the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum are managed mainly through fungicide applications in canola and dry bean. Accurate estimation of risk disease development on these crops could help farmers make spraying decisions. Five machine learning (ML) models were evaluated classification regression modes for predicting establishment under different air temperatures leaf wetness duration conditions. Model algorithms trained tested using 20-fold cross validation....

Estimation of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) has become an integral part wireless communication systems, particularly in cognitive radio systems. The knowledge SNR at any time is essential because it a significant influence on performance system. Approximating this parameter can help better calculate occupancy level different channels spectrum which decision making process Recently, novel estimation approach based eigenvalues covariance matrix received samples was proposed literature. This...

Aviation communities are nowadays deploying automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B) systems on aircraft to have more accurate and reliable air traffic control. This system broadcasts some of the telemetry data in form plaintext messages over unencrypted datalinks, which makes this vulnerable several cyber-attacks including jamming. To mitigate these attacks, first step take is detect them. A few techniques been proposed literature, but suffer from limitations. paper presents a...

Real-world performance evaluation of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) requires a considerable amount time and resources. It is challenging to evaluate make frequent changes optimize UAV practically. Furthermore, some cyber-attack resistance tests for networks, like jamming, are illegal perform in most countries. Simulators software that enable us without real-world practical implementation. Simulations it possible create, implement, test scenarios virtually on computer. There many simulators...

Summary In wireless communications, the signal‐to‐interference‐plus‐noise ratio (SINR) is important in spectrum management and link scheduling. cognitive radio ad hoc networks, where shared between nodes, SINR required to measure outage probability level of accumulated interference on a specific node from other nodes sharing same band. Several techniques have been proposed estimate statistically model SINR. However, most these do not account for uncertainty factors such as number their...

One of the disadvantages Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) communications protocol is its vulnerability to a number security attacks since it broadcasts information flying aircraft carrying device over unencrypted datalink. As U.S. Federal Aviation Administration has mandated use ADS-B by 2020, solid, reliable solutions are needed secure data exchange. The first step in this regard investigating and their impacts on air traffic. Therefore, paper, we describe preliminary work...

Weighting the coefficients vector is principal factor influencing detection performance of cognitive radio networks that uses soft-detection fusion (SDF) based cooperative spectrum sensing. Maximal ratio combining- (MRC-), equal gain (EGC-) and continuous genetic algorithm- (CGA-) SDF are well suited for optimizing thus ensure safe access by CR users. However mentioned methods suffer from slow convergence and/or sub-optimality. In this paper, use particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm...

In soft-decision fusion- (SDF-) based cooperative spectrum sensing, weighting the coefficients vector is main factor affecting detection performance of cognitive radio networks. this paper, use particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm as a prominent technique proposed to optimize vector. The PSO-based scheme opts for best vector, leading improved system. method analyzed and compared with genetic algorithm- (GA-) well other conventional SDF schemes through computer simulations. Simulation...

Noise originating from several sources in a RF environment degrades the performance of communication systems. In wideband systems, such as cognitive radios, noise at receiver can also originate non-linearity present front end, time-varying thermal within radio system, and adjacent network nodes. Several denoising techniques have been proposed for some which are applied during spectrum sensing others to received noisy signals. Examples these include least mean square (LMS) its variants....

Interference is one of the critical factors that affects performance cognitive radio networks. In these networks, secondary users are allowed to use primary user channel with condition they cause no interference it. power received at impacted by a number parameters, including nodes transmit powers, distance between and other nodes, path loss, shadowing. A techniques have been proposed model power. However, do not consider uncertainty associated parameters. Therefore, deals affecting...

In wireless communication networks including cognitive radio, the integrity of transmitted signals is affected by several factors such as noise, multipath fading, and shadowing. Bit error rate (BER) can be used one metrics to evaluate performance these systems. The knowledge BER at any time help analyze channels, improve quality service, enhance channel assignment in radio networks. this paper, a method estimate noise-limited channels developed. It first measures noise samples using few...

In diversity combining at the receiver, output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is often maximized by using maximal (MRC) provided that channel perfectly estimated receiver. However, estimation rarely perfect in practice, which results deteriorating system performance. this paper, an imperialistic competitive algorithm (ICA) proposed and compared with two other evolutionary based algorithms, namely, particle swarm optimization (PSO) genetic (GA), for of signals travelling across imperfect...

In cognitive radio (CR), cooperative spectrum sensing (CSS) has been extensively explored to be accounted for in a scanning method that permits secondary users (SUs) or utilize discovered holes caused by the absence of primary (PUs). This paper focuses on optimality analytical study common soft decision fusion (SDF) CSS based different iterative algorithms which confirm low total probability error and high detection detail. fact, all steps genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization...

In this work, mobile station (MS) localization in cellular systems is considered based on uplink time difference of arrival (UTDOA) MS signal at spatially separated base stations with known locations presented. The UTDOA estimation conducted using normalized least mean square (NLMS) adaptive line enhancer (ALE) followed by a cross correlation. More precisely, the use ALE-pre-filtered correlation proposed hyperbolic to improve accuracy for reducing uncertainty localizing station. Computer...

Noise cancellation is one of the important signal processing functions any communication system, as noise affects data integrity. In existing systems, traditional filters are used to cancel from received signals. These use fixed hardware which capable filtering specific frequency or a range frequencies. However, next generation technologies, such cognitive radio, will require adaptive that can dynamically reconfigure their parameters for frequency. To this end, few techniques have been...

One of the fundamental elements impacting performance a wireless system is interference, which has been long-term issue in networks. In case cognitive radio (CR) networks, problem interference tremendously crucial. other words, CR keeps important promise not producing any harmful to primary user (PU) system. Thus, it essential investigate impact caused PUs so that its detrimental effect on PU reduced. Study generally includes developing model statistically demonstrate power at PUs, then can...