Background Computer-based three-dimensional (3D) visualizations reconstructed from sectional images represent a valuable tool in biomedical research and medical diagnosis. Particularly with those imaging techniques that provide virtual sections, such as CT, MRI, CLSM, 3D reconstructions have become routine. Reconstructions physical used histological preparations, not experienced an equivalent breakthrough, due to inherent shortcomings preparation impede automated image-processing...

Palisade endings are nerve specializations found in the extraocular muscles (EOMs) of mammals, including primates. They have long been postulated to be proprioceptors. It was recently demonstrated that palisade cholinergic and monkeys they originate from EOM motor nuclei. Nevertheless, there is considerable difference opinion concerning nature ending function. EOMs were examined cats test whether display or sensory characteristics. We injected an anterograde tracer into oculomotor abducens...

Abstract Purpose Thread release of the carpal tunnel is most recent several minimally invasive ultrasound-guided techniques. The purpose this article to provide a step-by-step guide for invasive, thread focused on transecting transverse ligament with minimal damage palmar aponeurosis anatomical specimens. Methods Fifteen releases were performed wrists soft-embalmed specimens, which dissected immediately after intervention. procedures by two musculoskeletal radiologists 25 and 8 years...

Purpose: To test whether palisade endings are a general feature of mammalian extraocular muscles (EOMs). Methods: Thirteen species, some frontal-eyed (human, monkey, cat, and ferret), others lateral-eyed (pig, sheep, calf, horse, rabbit, rat, mouse, gerbil, guinea pig) were analyzed. Palisade labeled by using different combinations immunofluorescence techniques. Three-dimensional reconstructions immunolabeled done. Results: In all consistent in the rectus EOMs. Their total number was high...

Abstract This study provides a quantitative analysis of the active movements chick embryo and contractions amnion over entire developmental period 21 days. Four types are distinguished. The motor activity shows two characteristic peaks, with maximum contraction frequencies on 12th 16th day. In contrast, is higher at earlier stages decreases as body increases. largely independent activity. Illumination has strong influence movements. It shown that increases light intensity affect patterns...

The formation of limb girdles is a key-novelty in vertebrate evolution. Although the knowledge pattern formation, genetic, and molecular analysis development has prodigiously grown over past four decades, morphogenesis pelvic element, joining appendicular with axial skeleton poorly been investigated. Because their heterochrony evolution, skeletal elements have seldom seen as cojoined morphological complex. present study examines pelvis mouse (Mus musculus), special focuses on...

In medical training and research fresh human tissue is often replaced by preserved or animal tissue, due to availability ethical reasons. Newer preservation approaches, such as the Thiel method, promise more realistic mechanical properties than conventional formaldehyde fixation. Concerning substitute material, porcine bovine chosen, it easily obtainable certain similarity assumed. However, has not been thoroughly investigated how changes non-linear viscoelastic behaviour of soft organ...

To analyze palisade endings in cat extraocular muscles (EOMs) and to clarify whether these EOM-specific organs are sensory or motor.Twelve cats aged between 1 16 years were analyzed. Whole EOM tendons immunostained using four different combinations of triple fluorescence labeling. Triple labeling included antibodies against choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), neurofilament, synaptophysin, alpha-bungarotoxin. Preparations examined by confocal laser scanning microscopy. ChAT-labeled EOMs also...

purpose. This study aims to complement the authors' prior findings on palisade endings in extraocular muscles (EOMs) of monkeys, and clarify whether are cholinergic motor or sensory. methods. Macaque monkeys (Macaca fascicularis, n = 10) both sexes were analyzed using three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), conventional/immuno transmission electron (TEM). For CLSM, we used three combinations triple fluorescent labeling. EOM wholemounts labeled with...

Palisade endings are found in the extraocular muscles (EOMs) of almost every mammalian species, including primates. These nerve specializations surrounding muscle fiber insertion have been postulated to be proprioceptors EOMs. However, it was recently demonstrated that palisade a cholinergic nature, which reopened question whether motor or sensory structures. In this work, we examined cell bodies lie EOM nuclei by injecting an anterograde tracer, biotinylated dextran amine, into abducens...

A key event in vertebrate evolution is the linkage of appendicular to axial skeleton. The present study investigates developmental dynamics pelvic girdle morphogenesis Rana temporaria up until metamorphosis, with respect its functional and spatio-temporal organization. main questions be addressed are: initial location number elements contributing formation, mechanism bridging between anlage sacrum arthrogenesis. Serial histological sections specimens from Gosner Stages 30 41 were...

Cubital Tunnel Syndrome is characterized by the compression of ulnar nerve in cubital tunnel and can cause restrictions to activities daily living. Traditional treatment includes conservative methods and, more severe cases, different types surgery. In these common side effects surgery may limit clinical success. A new alternative could be a minimally invasive Ultrasound-guided (US-guided) thread release retinaculum also known as Osborne's ligament. The aim this study was assess efficacy...

A flow cytometric method performing a five-part leukocyte differential based on three-color staining with anti-CD45-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), anti-CD-14-phycoerythrin (PE)/Cy5, and cocktail of PE-labeled anti-CD2, anti-CD16, anti-HLA-DR antibodies was evaluated. Results obtained by using three different sample preparation procedures two cytometers were compared those 1,000-cell manual for evaluation accuracy. We observed excellent correlations the all subclasses even higher between...

Abstract Fibula reduction is a key feature of avian limb evolution. In combined comparative and experimental approach the present study analyses trends fibula in extant birds their developmental basis. The 55 species reveals four different types tibiotarsus‐to‐fibula relationships. Extremely small fibulae are associated with two modification: (1) elongations primarily affect tibiotarsus, increasing its length more than that fibula; (2) miniaturizations reduce both tibiotarsus length, but...

This article reports on the application of recently introduced concept multiscale fractal dimension (MFD) as a resource for quantifying three-dimensional gene expression patterns in embryonic development. While traditional dimensions provide interesting possibilities pattern complexity, defined by intensity which interacts with its surrounding space, those approaches fail to take into account important fact that natural objects are not perfectly self-similar. By expressing behavior...

Purpose: To analyze in a frontal-eyed mammal (cat) the postnatal development of palisade endings extraocular muscles (EOMs) and to compare spatiotemporal quantitative patterns among individual rectus muscles. Methods: Cats different ages ranging from birth adult stage were studied. EOM whole-mount preparations fluorescently labeled using six combinations triple staining analyzed confocal laser scanning microscope. Results: Palisade developed postnatally passed each muscle through same, three...

To analyze palisade endings in extraocular muscles (EOMs) of a primate species and to examine our previous findings cat that are putative effector organs.Eleven monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) both sexes, between 4 6 years age were analyzed. Whole EOM myotendons immunostained with four combinations triple-fluorescent labeling examined by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Labeling included antibodies against choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT),...