Purpose: The aims of the present population-based, cross-sectional study were to examine frequency and type strabismus, refractive errors nystagmus in children young adults with Down syndrome (DS) Macedonia Croatia.Methods: A total 170 unselected DS aged 1–34 years examined for ocular findings. examination included: a visual acuity assessment, cycloplegic refraction, alignment motility.Results: Strabismus was found 45 (26.5%), esodeviation most common type. Nine (20%) had exodeviation 4...

Aim: To investigate the prevalence of strabismus by age groups in Caucasian Macedonian population. Methods: A study population 1900 patients (aged 0-86 years) from capital city, Skopje, Macedonia, were analysed a secondary health institution central urban area. Ophthalmological examination included: visual acuity, slit- lamp biomicroscopy, autorefraction, and ocular motility examination. Results: In our retrospective cohort (1900), 60 did have (3.2%). The highest was primary school children...

Aim: To study the effect of unilaterally applied timolol 0.5% on systemic blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), cerebrospinal fluid (CSFP), intraocular (IOP), ocular perfusion (OPP) and translaminar difference (TLPD). Methods: This is an experimental clinical 14 healthy subjects. Ophthalmic examination included best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), slit lamp autorefractometry. Systemic BP, HR IOP were taken after basic examination. Two drops ophthalmic solution instilled in right eye (RE) BP...

Hereditary spastic paraplegia 15 (HSP15) is a rare genetic disease manifesting with progressive muscle spasticity and paralysis of the lower limbs (paraplegia) caused by mutations in ZFYVE26 gene. When accompanied retinal degeneration cognitive impairment, it known as Kjellin syndrome. We report on ocular manifestations case HSP15 follow 26-year-old male patient for 6 years. His condition was confirmed clinical exome sequencing. In addition to regular systemic follow-ups, we performed...

Conclusion. The prevalence of keratoconus in Macedonia was 6.8 patients per 100.000 citizens. age onset the same as British and French studies, sex ratio a 48 year clinical epidemiological study USA. Bilateral disease at time diagnosis with higher percentage than other studies. Education place living (urban versus rural) did not appear to be risk factor for Macedonia. OPEN ACCESS

Purpose: To investigate whether different types of ocular manifestations are associated with congenital heart disease (CHD) in a large Caucasian population children and young adults Down syndrome (DS).Methods: Population-based, case-control study which included 185 subjects DS (mean age 13.2 ± 7.9 years), who reported presence or absence CHD; CHD group (51 subjects, mean 10.6 5.6 years) without (134 14.2 8.4 years).Results: In our sample CHD, strabismus was found 15 (29.4%), nystagmus 1...

Down's syndrome (DS) is the most common chromosomal anomaly. Numerous ophthalmic features have been reported. The aim of our study was to investigate incidence refractive errors in children and young adults with DS Macedonia.Fifty-six DS, aged 2-28 years, from Macedonia, underwent slit-lamp examination, ocular motility refraction.The overall Macedonian 96.4%. A total 17.8% subjects had myopia, 23.2% hypermetropia 55.3% astigmatism. Strabismus seen 13 (23.2%) (nine esotropia, three exotropia,...

Background and Objective: This study aims to investigate the prevalence of systemic ophthalmic manifestations in different refractive groups children young adults with Down syndrome (DS). Materials Methods: The was a population-based, cross-sectional that included 141 Caucasian DS. They were classified into following three groups: myopia DS group (37 subjects, mean age 15.8 years), emmetropia (41 11.7 years) hyperopia (63 10.9 years). participants underwent inspection, slit-lamp examination,...

AIM: Intermittent exotropia (IXT) is the most common form of exodeviations. The aim our study was to investigate outcome after overminus lens therapy in children and young adults with IXT. METHODS: Fifty-three IXT, aged 3–33 years, from Macedonia, underwent slit-lamp examination, ocular motility, refraction. For assessing near control we used an office-based Mayo Scale. RESULTS: Most patients had score 1 (30.2%) 2 (26.4%). A 3 presented 18.9% patients, 0 15.1%. 4 5.7%, scored only 3.8% IXT...

AIM: In our case–control study of the Caucasian Macedonian myopia population adults aged over 40 years, to analyze environmental risk factors such as education level and outdoor activity levels in hours. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We included 53 patients with 64 control subjects. The following demographic characteristics were evaluated using questionnaires: Age, gender, education, activities (hours), parental myopia. Ophthalmic examination was performed slit-lamp biomicroscopy parameters: best...

Abstract Purpose: Previous studies suggested pressure‐related factors to be involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. In this study, we aim correlate systemic and ocular with anatomic parameters control subjects patients without retinopathy (DR). Methods: We included 31 subjects, 32 diabetes mellitus (DM) DR 37 DR. The following were evaluated: best corrected visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP) (mmHg), body mass index (BMI), mean blood (MBP) HbA1c (%), estimated...