Catalytic converters mitigate carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, nitrogen oxides and particulate matter emissions from internal combustion engines, allow meeting the increasingly stringent emission regulations. However, catalytic experience light-off issues during cold start warm up. This paper reviews literature on thermal management of catalysts, which aims to significantly reduce time concentrations through appropriate heating methods. In particular, methods based control engine parameters are...

This paper deals with the control system development for a hybrid energy storage system, consisting of battery and supercapacitor, through-the-road-parallel electric vehicle. One main advantages deriving from coupling supercapacitor is possibility reducing ageing, in addition to efficiency improvements when operates critical climate conditions. At moment, no specific controller has been proposed aim directly wear. presents novel model predictive dynamic programming algorithm including...

The continuous and precise modulation of the driving braking torques each wheel is considered ultimate goal for controlling performance a vehicle in steady-state transient conditions. To do so, dedicated torque-vectoring (TV) controllers that allow optimal torque distribution under all possible conditions have to be developed. Commonly, TV are based on hierarchical approach, consisting high-level supervisory controller evaluates corrective yaw moment low-level defines individual reference...

Electric vehicles (EVs) with four individually controlled drivetrains are over-actuated systems, and therefore, the total wheel torque yaw moment demands can be realized through an infinite number of feasible combinations. Hence, energy-efficient distribution among is crucial for reducing drivetrain power losses extending driving range. In this paper, optimal formulated as solution a parametric optimization problem, depending on vehicle speed. An analytical provided case equal drivetrains,...

Fully electric vehicles (FEVs) with individually controlled powertrains can significantly enhance vehicle response to steering-wheel inputs in both steady-state and transient conditions, thereby improving handling and, thus, active safety the fun-to-drive element. This paper presents a comparison between different torque-vectoring control structures for yaw moment of FEVs. Two second-order sliding-mode controllers are evaluated against feedforward controller combined either conventional or...

A significant challenge in electric vehicles with multiple motors is how to control the individual drivetrains order achieve measurable benefits terms of vehicle cornering response, compared conventional stability systems actuating friction brakes. This paper presents a direct yaw moment controller based on combination feedforward and feedback contributions for continuous rate control. When estimated sideslip exceeds pre-defined threshold, sideslip-based contribution activated. All are...

This paper presents an integral sliding mode (ISM) formulation for the torque-vectoring (TV) control of a fully electric vehicle. The performance controller is evaluated in steady-state and transient conditions, including analysis degradation due to its real-world implementation. potential issue, which typical formulations, relates actuation delays caused by drivetrain hardware configuration, signal discretization, vehicle communication buses, can provoke chattering irregular action....

This paper presents a traction control (TC) system for electric vehicles with in-wheel motors, based on explicit nonlinear model predictive control. The feedback law, available beforehand, is described in detail, together its variation different plant conditions. controller implemented rapid prototyping unit, which proves the real-time capability of strategy, computing times order microseconds. These are significantly lower than required time step TC application. Hence, can run at same...

The market penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) is going to significantly increase in the next years and decades. However, EVs still present significant practical limitations terms mileage. Hence, automotive industry making important research efforts towards progressive battery energy density, reduction charging time, enhancement powertrain efficiency. machine main power loss contributor an powertrain. This literature survey reviews design control methods improve efficiency machines for...

The safety benefits of torque-vectoring control electric vehicles with multiple drivetrains are well known and extensively discussed in the literature. Also, several authors analyze wheel torque allocation algorithms for reducing energy consumption while obtaining demand reference yaw moment specified by higher layer a controller. Based on set novel experimental results, this study demonstrates that further significant reductions can be achieved through appropriate tuning understeer...

This paper addresses the development and Hardware-in-the-Loop (HiL) testing of an explicit nonlinear model predictive controller (eNMPC) for antilock braking system (ABS) passenger cars, actuated using electro-hydraulic unit. The control structure includes a compensation strategy to guard against performance degradation due actuation dead times, identified by experimental tests. eNMPC is run on automotive rapid prototyping unit, which shows its real-time capability with comfortable margin. A...

Latest advances in road profile sensors make the implementation of preemptive suspension control a viable option for production vehicles. From side, model predictive (MPC) combination with preview is powerful solution this application. However, significant computational load associated conventional implicit controllers one limiting factors to widespread industrial adoption MPC. As an alternative, article proposes explicit controller (e-MPC) active system preview. The MPC optimization run...

Electric vehicles with independently controlled drivetrains allow torque vectoring, which enhances active safety and handling qualities. This article proposes an approach for the concurrent control of yaw rate sideslip angle based on a single-input single-output (SISO) controller. With SISO formulation, reference is first defined according to vehicle requirements then corrected actual angle. The contribution guarantees prompt corrective action in critical situations such as incipient...

<div>This article introduces a methodology for conducting comparative evaluations of vibration-induced discomfort. The aim is to outline procedure specifically focused on assessing and comparing the discomfort caused by vibrations. emphasizes metrics that can effectively quantify provides insights utilizing available information facilitate assessment differences observed during comparisons. study also addresses selection appropriate target scenarios test environments within context...

Electric vehicle powertrains traditionally consist of a central electric motor drive, single-speed transmission and differential. This powertrain layout, for use in either fully vehicles or through-the-road parallel hybrid vehicles, will be extensively adopted the next few years, despite ongoing research with individually controlled motors. However, current suggests that drive can still widely improved. For example, installation seamless multiple-speed instead cause an increase performance,...

Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) represent a possible sustainable solution for personal urban transportation. Presently, the most limiting characteristic of BEVs is their short range, mainly because battery technology limitations. A proper design and control drivetrain, aimed at reducing power losses thus increasing BEV can contribute to make electrification transportation convenient choice. This paper presents simulation-based comparison energy efficiency performance six drivetrain...

Fully electric vehicles with individually controlled drivetrains can provide a high degree of drivability and vehicle safety, all while increasing the cornering limit 'fun-to-drive' aspect. This paper investigates new approach on how sideslip control be integrated into continuously active yaw rate controller to extend stable allow sustained values angle. The controllability-related limitations control, together its potential benefits, are discussed through tools multi-variable feedback...

Steering control for path tracking in autonomous vehicles is well documented the literature. Also, continuous direct yaw moment control, i.e., torque-vectoring, applied to human-driven electric with multiple motors extensively researched. However, combination of both controllers not yet understood. This paper analyzes benefits torque-vectoring an vehicle, either by integrating system into controller, or through its separate implementation alongside steering controller tracking. A selection...

Direct yaw moment controllers improve vehicle stability and handling in severe manoeuvres. In direct control implementations based on Linear Quadratic Regulators (LQRs), the system performance is limited by unmodelled dynamics parameter uncertainties. To guarantee robustness with respect to uncertainties, this paper proposes a gain scheduled Robust Regulator (RLQR), which an extra term added feedback contribution of conventional LQR limit closed-loop tracking error neighbourhood origin its...

A recently growing literature discusses the topics of direct yaw moment control based on model predictive (MPC), and energy-efficient torque-vectoring (TV) for electric vehicles with multiple powertrains. To reduce energy consumption, available TV studies focus allocation layer, which calculates individual wheel torque levels to generate total reference longitudinal force moment, specified by higher level algorithms provide desired lateral vehicle dynamics. In fact, a system redundant...

In electric vehicles with multiple motors, the individual wheel torque control, i.e., so-called torque-vectoring, significantly enhances cornering response and active safety. Torque-vectoring can also increase energy efficiency, through appropriate design of reference understeer characteristic calculation distribution providing desired total direct yaw moment. To meet industrial requirements for real vehicle implementation, energy-efficiency benefits torque-vectoring should be achieved via...

Integrated Chassis Control (ICC) is one of the most appealing subjects for vehicle dynamics specialists and researchers, due to increasing number chassis actuators modern human-driven automated cars. ICC ensures that potential available systematically exploited, by overcoming individual limitations, solving conflicts redundancies, which results into enhanced performance, ride comfort safety. This paper a literature review on ICC, focuses topics are left uncovered recent surveys subject, or...

This study applies nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) to the torque-vectoring (TV) and front-to-total anti-roll moment distribution of a four-wheel-drive electric vehicle with in-wheel-motors, brake-by-wire system, active suspension actuators. The NMPC cost function formulation is based on energy efficiency criteria, strives minimize power losses caused by longitudinal lateral tire slips, friction brakes, powertrains, while enhancing cornering response in steady-state transient...