In the adult brain, neural stem cells (NSCs) located in subventricular zone (SVZ) produce both neuronal and glial cells. Thyroid hormones (THs) regulate NSC differentiation towards a phenotype, but also have major roles mitochondrial metabolism. As metabolism relies mainly on glycolysis, whereas mature preferentially use oxidative phosphorylation, we studied how THs interact fate determination. We used membrane potential marker vivo to analyze activity different cell types SVZ of euthyroid...

Abstract Choroid plexus epithelial cells produce and secrete transthyretin (TTR). TTR binds distributes thyroid hormone (TH) to brain via the cerebrospinal fluid. The adult murine subventricular zone (SVZ) is in close proximity choroid plexus. In SVZ, TH determines neural stem cell (NSC) fate towards a neuronal or glial cell. We investigated whether loss of also disrupted NSC choice. Our results show decreased neurogenic versus oligodendrogenic balance lateroventral SVZ Ttr knockout mice....

Background Intake of retinoic acid (RA) or its precursor, vitamin A, during early pregnancy is associated with increased incidence craniofacial lesions. The origin these teratogenic effects remains enigmatic as in cranial neural crest cells (CNCCs), which largely contribute to structures, the RA-transduction pathway not active. Recent results suggest that RA could act on endoderm first pharyngeal arch (1stPA), through a RARß-dependent mechanism. Methodology/Principal Findings Here we show...

Adult neural stem cell (NSC) generation in vertebrate brains requires thyroid hormones (THs). How THs enter the NSC population is unknown, although TH availability determines proliferation and neuronal versus glial progenitor determination murine subventricular zone (SVZ) NSCs. Mice display neurological signs of severely disabling human disease, Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome, if they lack both MCT8 OATP1C1 transporters, or deiodinase type 2. We analyzed distribution adult mouse SVZ. Both are...

Neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult brain are a source of neural for injury repair. We investigated whether their capacity to generate new neurons and glia is determined by thyroid hormone (TH) during development because serum levels peak postnatal reorganization main NSC niche, subventricular zone (SVZ). Re-analysis mouse transcriptome data revealed increased expression TH transporters deiodinases SVZ NSCs, promoting local action, concomitant with burst neurogenesis. Inducing...

Infection of the respiratory tract is a frequent cause lung pathologies, morbidity, and death. When bacterial endotoxin [lipopolysaccharide (LPS)] reaches alveolar spaces, it encounters lipid-rich surfactant that covers epithelium. Although binding hydrophilic protein (SP) A SP-D with LPS has been established, nothing reported to date on possible cross talks between hydrophobic SP-B SP-C. We designed new technique based incorporation components lipid vesicles separation unbound from...

Six monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from Bordetella pertussis (P1P3, 60.5), B. parapertussis (PP2, PP6, PP8) and bronchiseptica (BRg1) were used to examine the presence of antigenic determinants LPS on cells. Forty-eight clinical isolates this Gram-negative bacterium (4 canine, 3 equine, 6 porcine, 4 rabbit 31 human) examined. Significant cross-reactivities with heterologous anti- mAbs observed. The also exhibited marked polymorphism. 48 could be classified in...

The climax of amphibian metamorphosis is marked by thyroid hormone-dependent tadpole tail resorption, implicating apoptosis multiple cell types, including epidermal cells, fibroblasts, nerve and muscles. molecular cascades leading to coordinating the death different types are not fully elucidated. It known that mitochondrial pathway, in particular Bax XR11 genes, regulates balance between survival muscle. However, down-stream factors modulated changes permeability have been studied a...

During anuran metamorphosis, the tadpole brain is transformed producing sensorial and motor systems required for frog's predatory lifestyle. Nervous system remodeling simultaneously implicates apoptosis, cell division, differentiation. The molecular mechanisms underlying this have yet to be characterized. Starting from observation that active caspase-9 Bcl-X(L) homologue, XR11 are highly expressed in during we determined their implication regulating balance of apoptosis proliferation...

Bordetella hinzii has recently been isolated from immunocompromised human hosts. The polysaccharides its endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) were investigated using chemical analyses, NMR, gas‐liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and mass by plasma desorption, matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization electrospray. following structure for the O‐chain‐free LPS was deduced experimental results: Mass serology revealed that O‐chains different homopolymer common to bronchiseptica...

Adult neurogenesis occurs in neural stem cell (NSC) niches where slow cycling cells give rise to faster progenitors. In the adult mouse NSC niche thyroid hormone, T3, and its receptor TRα act as a neurogenic switch promoting progenitor cycle completion neuronal differentiation. Little is known about whether how T3 controls proliferation of differentially during xenopus neurogenesis. To address this question, we first used Sox3 marker populations then applied pulse-chase EdU/IdU incorporation...

We previously reported the case of a human chronic Bordetella bronchiseptica respiratory infection, due to contact with infected rabbits. Lipopolysaccharides isolates, one rabbit isolate and isolates from other origins were analyzed sera mice, human. Antigenicity length lipopolysaccharide molecules varied between isolates. showed progressive loss O-chain during associated an enhanced susceptibility bactericidal effect normal serum. This observation suggests existence intracellular niche...

We studied the pathways of macrophage response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). When mouse macrophages pre‐exposed LPS were restimulated with this agent, reduced tumour necrosis factor‐&agr; (TNF‐&agr;) responses (desensitization/endotoxin tolerance) accompanied by increased (priming) nitric oxide (NO) responses. Priming was also inducible recombinant interferon‐&bgr; (IFN‐&bgr;). The requirement TNF‐&agr; biosynthesis in LPS‐induced priming suggested observation that both...

Three hybridomas (P1P3, D7 and 60.5) producing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against Bordetella pertussis lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were established. All reacted with the LPS from a typical, vaccine strain of B. (1414), but not that variant (A100). Two these mAbs (P1P3 cross-reacted bronchiseptica LPS; only one (P1P3) parapertussis LPS. ELISA reactivities intact LPSs, defined partial structures covalently linked to bovine serum albumin, compared. mAb 60.5 bound terminal region distal...

Abstract A key event in metamorphosis of anuran amphibians is tail resorption. This composite structure includes epidermal cells, spinal cord, muscle fibres and connective tissue. It unclear how resorption proceeds to what extent the signals for death process are transmitted between cells. We determined kinetics metamorphosis, apoptosis, regression diploid anuran, Xenopus tropicalis , a species more suited genetic analysis than pseudotetraploid, laevis . Metamorphosis was found proceed at...

Isolates of Bordetella parapertussis, recovered from sheep or man, were characterised by reaction with specific anti-Bordetella lipopolysaccharide monoclonal antibodies, production filamentous haemagglutinin, fatty acid patterns, and antibiotic sensitivity. Generally, the isolates lay within one four groups, separation ovine into two groups. Reactions antibodies against separated these groupings. Analysis cellular compositions cluster analysis differentiated between human strains also showed...

Three groups of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were produced that would be useful for immunochemical typing and diagnosis infections due to Bordetella species, the structural analysis their lipopolysaccharides. PP6, a representative first group, recognizes an epitope shared by smooth-type parapertussis bronchiseptica lipopolysaccharides (LPS). This is carried structurally identical polymeric O-chains (POC) present on both LPS molecules. PP8 PP9 are representatives second group mAbs. The...

Thyroid hormone (TH) orchestrates amphibian metamorphosis. Thus, this developmental phase is often used to study TH-dependent responses in specific tissues. However, TH signaling appears early development raising the question of control availability cell types prior under strict temporal and tissue-specific by deiodinases. We examined expression TH-inactivating enzyme, deiodinase type 3 (D3), during retinal development. To end we created a Xenopus laevis transgenic line expressing GFP from...

Unlike differentiated cells, stem cells use aerobic glycosylation rather than oxidative phosphorylation1. Moreover, metabolic status influences cell determination2. Thyroid hormones (THs) regulate neural (NSC) commitment towards a neuronal phenotype in adult brain3, but also have major roles mitochondrial metabolism4. Given these complimentary roles, we investigated the convergence of THs and metabolism on NSC fate determination or glial fate. Following stereotaxic injection membrane...