A5049804351- Evolution and Genetic Dynamics
- Parasite Biology and Host Interactions
- Mathematical and Theoretical Epidemiology and Ecology Models
- Helminth infection and control
- Zoonotic diseases and public health
- Insect symbiosis and bacterial influences
- Animal Ecology and Behavior Studies
- Evolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation
- Parasites and Host Interactions
- Insect and Pesticide Research
- Plant and animal studies
- Insect Pest Control Strategies
- Primate Behavior and Ecology
- Animal Disease Management and Epidemiology
- Viral Infections and Vectors
- Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Insect behavior and control techniques
- Forensic Entomology and Diptera Studies
- Coccidia and coccidiosis research
- Neonatal Respiratory Health Research
- Amphibian and Reptile Biology
- Insect-Plant Interactions and Control
- Bacteriophages and microbial interactions
- COVID-19 epidemiological studies
- Entomopathogenic Microorganisms in Pest Control
University of Liverpool
2015-2024
Google (United States)
2017
Royal Victoria Infirmary
2007-2015
e-Therapeutics (United Kingdom)
2013
McGill University
2009
University of Nottingham
2008-2009
Keele University
2009
Tulane University
2009
Iowa State University
2009
Hebrew University of Jerusalem
2009
Abstract Recent studies have provided an unprecedented view of the microbial communities colonizing captive mice; yet host and environmental factors that shape rodent gut microbiota in their natural habitat remain largely unexplored. Here, we present results from a 2-year 16 S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing-based survey wild wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus) two nearby woodlands. Similar to other mammals, were colonized by 10 bacterial phyla dominated Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes Proteobacteria....
Simultaneous infection by multiple parasite species is ubiquitous in nature. Interactions among co-infecting parasites may have important consequences for disease severity, transmission and community-level responses to perturbations. However, our current view of interactions nature comes primarily from observational studies, which be unreliable at detecting interactions. We performed a perturbation experiment wild mice, using an anthelminthic suppress nematodes, monitored the other species....
Abstract Controlling parasites that infect multiple host species often requires targeting single dominate transmission. Yet, it is rarely recognised such ‘key hosts’ can arise through disparate mechanisms, potentially requiring different approaches for control. We identify three distinct, but not mutually exclusive, processes underlie heterogeneity: infection prevalence, population abundance and infectiousness. construct a theoretical framework to isolate the role of each process from...
In the field of infectious disease control, novel therapies are focusing on reducing illness caused by pathogens rather than pathogen burden itself. Here, Vale and colleagues highlight some potential consequences such therapeutics for spread evolution.
Summary Many plant species produce defensive compounds that are often highly diverse within and between populations. The genetic cellular mechanisms by which metabolite diversity is produced increasingly understood, but the evolutionary explanations for persistent diversification in secondary metabolites have received less attention. Here we consider role of plant–herbivore coevolution maintenance characteristics metabolites. We present a simple model plants can evolve to invest range...
Transmission is a fundamental step in the life cycle of every parasite but it also one most challenging processes to model and quantify. In host–parasite models, transmission process encapsulated by single parameter β . Many different biological interactions, acting on both hosts infectious organisms, are subsumed this term. There are, however, at least two undesirable consequences high level abstraction. First, nonlinearities heterogeneities that can be critical dynamic behaviour infections...
Many parasites circulate endemically within communities of multiple host species. To understand disease persistence these communities, it is essential to know the contribution each species makes parasite transmission and maintenance. However, quantifying those contributions challenging. We present a conceptual framework for classifying multihost sharing, based on key thresholds persistence. then develop generalized technique quantify species' persistence, allowing natural systems be located...
Abstract Recent evidence suggests that most parasites can infect multiple host species and these are primarily responsible for emerging infectious disease outbreaks in humans wildlife. However, the ecologic evolutionary factors constrain or facilitate such emergences poorly understood. We propose a conceptual framework based on pathogen's between- within-species transmission rates to describe possible configurations of multihost-pathogen community may lead emergence. establish 3 dynamic...
Parasites are known to directly affect their hosts at both the individual and population level. However, little is about more subtle, indirect effects how these may community dynamics. In particular, trophically transmitted parasites manipulate behavior of intermediate hosts, fundamentally altering pattern contact between individuals predators. Here, we develop a suite dynamic models explore impact such behavioral modifications on dynamics structure predator-prey community. We show that,...
Many parasites of medical and veterinary importance are transmitted by cold-blooded intermediate hosts or vectors, the abundance which will vary with ambient temperatures, potentially altering disease prevalence. In particular, if global climate change increase mean temperature in a region endemic human pathogen then it is possible that incidence similarly increase. Here we examine this possibility using mathematical model to explore effects increasing long-term on prevalence parasite...
The genetic basis of infection in host-parasite interactions has traditionally been considered within the framework either gene-for-gene (GFG) or matching-allele models. We present an alternative model, termed inverse-gene-for-gene (IGFG), where pathogen infectiousness is determined by parasite recognition host signals and/or receptors there active searching parasites. show that coevolutionary dynamics under IGFG are both qualitatively and quantitatively different from those GFG we suggest...
Wolbachia is one of the most common symbionts arthropods. Its establishment requires lateral transfer to and successful transmission within novel host species. However, performs poorly when introduced into new species, models predict that should seldom be able establish from low initial frequencies. Recently, various symbionts, including Wolbachia, have been shown protect their hosts natural enemies. Hence, invasion may facilitated by dynamic interaction between it, its host, a enemy. We...
Simultaneous infection by multiple parasite species (viruses, bacteria, helminths, protozoa or fungi) is commonplace. Most reports show co-infected humans to have worse health than those with single infections. However, we little understanding of how co-infecting parasites interact within human hosts. We used data from over 300 published studies construct a network that offers the first broad indications groups tend interact. The had three levels comprising parasites, resources they consume...
There is growing evidence that successful infection of hosts by pathogens requires a series independent steps. However, how multistep processes affect host-pathogen coevolution unclear. We present coevolutionary model, inspired empirical observations from range systems, where the process consists following two steps: first for pathogen to recognize and locate suitable host, second exploit host while evading immunity. Importantly, these steps conform different models genetics:...
Interactions among coinfecting parasites have the potential to alter host susceptibility infection, progression of disease and efficacy control measures. It is therefore essential be able accurately infer occurrence direction such interactions from parasitological data. Due logistical constraints, perturbation experiments are rarely undertaken directly detect interactions, a variety approaches commonly used them patterns parasite association in observational However, reliability these...