Abstract Allopolyploidy, or the combination of two more distinct genomes in one nucleus, is usually accompanied by radical genomic changes involving transposable elements (TEs). The dynamics TEs after an allopolyploidization event are poorly understood. In this study, we analyzed methylation state and genetic rearrangements a high copied, newly amplified terminal-repeat retrotransposon miniature (TRIM) family wheat termed Veju. We found that Veju insertion sites underwent massive first four...

Abstract Background Young wheat plants are continuously exposed to herbivorous insect attack. To reduce damage and maintain their growth, evolved different defense mechanisms, including the biosynthesis of deterrent compounds named benzoxazinoids, and/or trichome formation that provides physical barriers. It is unclear whether both these mechanisms equally critical in providing an efficient for seedlings against aphids—an economically costly pest cereal production. Results In this study, we...

Rapid and reproducible genomic changes can be induced during the early stages of life nascent allopolyploid species. In a previous study, it was shown that following allopolyploidization, cytosine methylation affect up to 11% wheat genome. However, patterns around transposable elements (TEs) were never studied in detail. We used transposon display (TMD) assess CCGG sites flanking three TE families (Balduin, Apollo, Thalos) first four generations newly formed allohexaploid. addition, (TD),...

In their natural habitats, seagrasses face multiple abiotic stressors, which can often occur simultaneously. However, most studies investigating the effects of environmental stressors on have focused growth and physiological responses to single stressors. Here, we examined transcriptome tropical seagrass Halophila stipulacea collected from a northern Gulf Aqaba pristine site (South Beach - SB) an anthropogenically-impacted (Tur Yam TY), grown in mesocosm, exposed ecologically-relevant,...

Transposable elements (TEs) constitute over 90% of the wheat genome. It was suggested that “genomic stress” such as hybridity or polyploidy might activate transposons. Intensive investigations various polyploid systems revealed allopolyploidization event is associated with widespread changes in genome structure, methylation, and expression involving low- high-copy, coding noncoding sequences. Massive demethylation transcriptional activation TEs were also observed newly formed allopolyploids....

Short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs) are non-autonomous non-LTR retroelements that present in most eukaryotic species. While SINEs have been intensively investigated humans and other animal systems, they poorly studied plants, especially wheat (Triticum aestivum). We used quantitative PCR of various species to determine the copy number a SINE family, termed Au SINE, combined with computer-assisted analyses publicly available 454 pyrosequencing database T. aestivum. In addition, we...

Benzoxazinoids are specialized metabolites that highly abundant in staple crops, such as maize and wheat. Although their biosynthesis has been studied for several decades, the regulatory mechanisms of benzoxazinoid pathway remain unknown. Here, we report wheat transcription factor MYB31 functions a regulator genes. A transcriptomic analysis tetraploid (Triticum turgidum) tissue revealed up-regulation two TtMYB31 homoeologous genes upon aphid caterpillar feeding. TaMYB31 gene silencing...

The two-spotted spider mite (TSSM; Tetranychus urticae) is a ubiquitous polyphagous arthropod pest that has major economic impact on the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) industry. Tomato plants have evolved broad defense mechanisms regulated by expression of genes, phytohormones, and secondary metabolites present constitutively and/or induced upon infestation. Although been studied for more than three decades, only few studies compared domesticated cultivars' natural resistance at molecular...

Abstract The diversity and evolution of wheat (Triticum-Aegilops group) genomes is determined, in part, by the activity transposable elements that constitute a large fraction genome (up to 90%). In this study, we retrieved sequences from publicly available databases, including 454-pyrosequencing database, analyzed 18,217 insertions 18 Stowaway-like miniature inverted-repeat element (MITE) families previously characterized together account for approximately 1.3 Mb sequence. All showed high...

Abstract The elimination of DNA sequences following allopolyploidization is a well-known phenomenon. Yet, nothing known about the biological significance, mechanism, or precise developmental timing this event. In study, we have observed reproducible an Aegilops tauschii allele in genome second generation (S2) newly synthesized allohexaploid derived from cross between Triticum turgidum and Ae. tauschii. We show that did not occur germ cells but instead occurred during S2 embryo development....

Natural populations of the tetraploid wild emmer wheat (genome AABB) were previously shown to demonstrate eco-geographically structured genetic and epigenetic diversity. Transposable elements (TEs) might make up a significant part variation between individuals because they comprise over 80% genome. In this study, we performed detailed analyses assess dynamics transposable in 50 accessions collected from 5 geographically isolated sites. The included: copy number TEs among five populations,...

Abstract Phaeodactylum tricornutum is a model oleaginous pennate diatom, widely investigated for the accumulation of triacylglycerols (TAG) in lipid droplets during nitrogen (N) starvation. However, droplet breakdown, TAG catabolism, and remobilization upon N replenishment growth restoration are less studied. Serine hydrolases (SH) constitute diverse family encompassing proteases, amidases, esterases, lipases. In this report, we adopted chemoproteomic approach called Activity-Based Protein...

Tef (Eragrostis tef), a staple crop that originated in the Horn of Africa, has been introduced to multiple countries over last several decades. Crop cultivation new geographic regions raises questions regarding molecular basis for biotic stress responses. In this study, we aimed classify insect abundance on tef Israel, and elucidate its chemical physical defense mechanisms response feeding. To discover main pests Mediterranean climate, conducted an field survey three selected accessions...

A barrier to realizing Nannochloropsis oceanica's potential for omega-3 eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) production is the disparity between conditions that are optimal growth and those EPA biomass content. case in point temperature: higher content of polyunsaturated fatty acid, especially EPA, observed low-temperature (LT) environments, where rates often inhibited. We hypothesized mutant strains N. oceanica resistant singlet-oxygen photosensitizer Rose Bengal (RB) would withstand oxidative...

ABSTRACT Setaria viridis (green foxtail millet), a short life-cycle C4 plant in the Gramineae, serves as resilient crop that provides good yield even dry and marginal land. Although S. has been studied extensively last decade, its defense responses, particular chemical defensive metabolites protect it against insect herbivory, are unstudied. To characterize we conducted transcriptomic metabolomic assays of plants infested with aphids caterpillars. Pathway enrichment analysis indicated...

Transposable elements (TEs) constitute ~80% of the complex bread wheat genome and contribute significantly to evolution environmental adaptation. We studied 52 TE insertion polymorphism markers ascertain their efficiency as a robust DNA marker system for genetic studies in related species. Significant variation was found miniature inverted-repeat transposable element (MITE) insertions relation ploidy with highest number “full site” occurring hexaploids (32.6 ± 3.8), while tetraploid diploid...

Abstract Benzoxazinoids are plant specialized metabolites with defense properties, highly abundant in wheat ( Triticum ), one of the world’s most important crops. The goal our study was to characterize dioxygenase BX6 genes tetraploid and hexaploid genotypes elucidate their effects on against herbivores. Phylogenetic analysis revealed four T. aestivum , but only ortholog found turgidum ) wild emmer cultivated durum wheat. Transcriptome sequencing plants damaged either by aphids or...

Abstract Background: Young wheat plants are continuously exposed to herbivorous insect attack. To reduce damage and maintain their growth, evolved different defense mechanisms, including the biosynthesis of deterrent compounds named benzoxazinoids, and/or trichome formation that provides physical barriers. It is unclear whether both these mechanisms equally critical in providing an efficient for seedlings against aphids—an economically costly pest cereal production. Results: In this study,...

Transposable elements (TEs) are repetitive sequences, capable of inducing genetic mutations through their transpositional activity, or by non-homologous illegitimate recombination. Because similarity and often high copy numbers, examining the effects caused TEs in different samples (tissues, individuals, species, etc.) can be difficult. Thus, throughput methods have been developed for genotyping un-sequenced genomes. A common method is termed Transposon Display (or transposon SSAP), which...