The production of public goods by the contribution individual volunteers is a social dilemma because an that does not volunteer can benefit from good produced contributions others. Therefore it generally believed be only in presence repeated interactions (which allow reciprocation, reputation effects and punishment) or relatedness (kin selection). Cooperation, however, often occurs absence iterations relatedness. We show when Volunteer's Dilemma, which fixed number cooperators necessary to...

Abstract There is great interest in explaining how beneficial microbiomes are assembled. Antibiotic‐producing arguably the most abundant class of microbiome nature, having been found on corals, arthropods, molluscs, vertebrates and plant rhizospheres. An exemplar attine ants, which cultivate a fungus for food host cuticular that releases antibiotics to defend from parasites. One explanation posits long‐term vertical transmission P seudonocardia bacteria, (somehow) evolve new compounds...

Hydrodynamical phenomena play a keystone role in the population dynamics of passively advected species such as phytoplankton and replicating macromolecules. Recent developments field chaotic advection hydrodynamical flows encourage us to revisit competing for same resource an open aquatic system. If this environment is homogeneous well-mixed then classical studies predict competitive exclusion all but most perfectly adapted species. In fact, homogeneity very rare, community (at least on...

Abstract A better understanding of how the COVID-19 pandemic responds to social distancing efforts is required for control future outbreaks and calibrate partial lock-downs. We present quantitative relationships between key parameters characterizing epidemiology nine selected European countries. Epidemiological were extracted from number daily deaths data, while mitigation are estimated mobile phone tracking data. The decrease basic reproductive ( $$R_0$$ <mml:math...

Coexistence of competitive species is severely limited by the availability resources and characteristics environment. In particular, so–called–competitive exclusion principle' states that, at equilibrium, number coexisting cannot be larger than for which they compete. However, many in situ observations have revealed prolonged coexistence a large plankton species, phenomenon known as –the paradox plankton'. Here we investigate this problem show that ocean mesoscale vortices generate transport...

It is well‐known that dispersal advantageous in many different ecological situations, e.g. to survive local catastrophes where populations live spatially and temporally heterogeneous habitats. However, the key question, what kind of strategy optimal a particular situation, has remained unanswered. We studied evolution density‐dependent coupled map lattice model, population dynamics are perturbed by external environmental noise. used very flexible function enable select from practically all...

Syntrophic cooperation among prokaryotes is ubiquitous and diverse. It relies on unilateral or mutual aid that may be both catalytic metabolic in nature. Hypotheses of eukaryotic origins claim mitochondrial endosymbiosis emerged from mutually beneficial syntrophy archaeal bacterial partners. However, there are no other examples prokaryotic leading to endosymbiosis. One potential reason when externalized products become public goods, they incite social conflict due selfish mutants undermine...

Abstract. A method of characterizing the geometry and statistical nature vegetation patterns for studying their fractal dimension is proposed. The utilizes concept multifractals, especially suited to description complex patterns. properties multifractals role in detecting scale are explained. We suggest an extension term multifractal use landscape ecology coenology connected with many different kinds points. Relationships between information‐statistical functions dimensions introduced shown....

We review and generalize recent results on advection of particles in open time-periodic hydrodynamical flows. First, the problem passive is considered, its fractal chaotic nature pointed out. Next, we study effect weak molecular diffusion or randomness flow. Finally, investigate influence chemical biological activity superimposed The nondiffusive approach shown to carry some features a diffusion, due finiteness reaction range velocity. (c) 2000 American Institute Physics.

Abstract Males and females often display different behaviours and, in the context of reproduction, these are labelled sex roles. The Darwin–Bateman paradigm argues that root differences is anisogamy (i.e., size and/or function gametes between sexes) leads to biased sexual selection, parental care body size. This evolutionary cascade, however, contentious since some underpinning assumptions have been questioned. Here we investigate relationships anisogamy, dimorphism, difference intensity...

Abstract Background Quorum sensing (QS) is the ability of microorganisms to assess local clonal density by measuring extracellular concentration signal molecules that they produce and excrete. QS also only known way bacterial communication supports coordination within-clone cooperative actions requiring a certain threshold cooperating cells. Cooperation aided sensitive cheating in two different ways: laggards may benefit from not investing cooperation but enjoying provided their neighbors,...

Many ecosystems are undergoing simultaneous colonization and spread of multiple alien species. Invaders often negatively affect communities by reducing population sizes resident species or even decreasing community diversity through extinctions. Direct indirect interactions between them can amplify mitigate their impacts on native communities. In this study, we compare the effects two invaders model food webs under scenarios: separate versus invasion. We examined webs' response from...

Theory suggests that spatial structuring should select for intermediate levels of virulence in parasites, but empirical tests are rare and have never been conducted with castration (sterilizing) parasites. To test this theory a natural landscape, we construct spatially explicit model the symbiosis between ant-plant Cordia nodosa its two, protecting ant symbionts, Allomerus Azteca. is also parasite, preventing fruiting to increase colony fecundity. Limiting dispersal host plant selects...