Time synchronization is needed in information exchange and collaboration among nanomachines for molecular communication networks. The time of arrival-based method requires the range between transmitter nanomachine (TN) receiver (RN) order to improve accuracy clock synchronization. helps choose optimal transmission rate. In contrast existing methods, this article proposes a joint offset estimation with correlated arrival times based on maximum likelihood estimator. RN uses molecules' estimate...

The Internet of Bio-Nano Things (IoBNT) enables complex tasks like health monitoring and environmental sensing, requiring precise clock synchronization between nanomachines. In this article, we propose a method based on the arrival times molecules that considers both offset skew parameters in timing-based diffusive channel. channel requires degradation factor to limit lifespan molecules. existing methods assume ideal conditions for synthesis time However, consider practical scenario where...

The location information of Nano-Machine (NM) is important for various applications such as elapsed time between NMs, transmission rate optimization, and detection irregular cells. localization the NM in a flow-assisted molecular communication system can provide reliable communication. In this paper, we present cooperative method presence signal-dependent noise inter-symbol interference networks. particular, an iterative approach estimating locations using Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE)...

In this paper, we consider bio-nanomachine localization for correlated observation scenarios in biological nanonetwork. The location information is required various applications, such as clock synchronization optimal reception. of the transmitter (TBN) estimated using molecules detected at time instants within more than one symbol interval. observed by receiver (RBN) different are choosing a small sampling interval between succeeding samples. existing methods assume that observations...

Localization of nanomachines is essential for optimal functionality, including optimizing transmission rates and detecting irregular cells. The sampling concentration received by the can be used this purpose. localization based on requires emission time molecules to improve accuracy establish synchronization among nanomachine. In paper, we derive maximum likelihood estimation localizing nanomachine in two scenarios, that is, known unknown times. contrast existing model, proposed model...

This investigation affords a comprehensive appraisal of the hardware and communication technology smart meters. Problems with meter data handling implementation are also discussed. paper deals specifics efficient grid meters that made it possible to control electricity theft in India

The present paper focuses on cyber security awareness and the difficulties with maintaining of your data online. In current digital era, when technology is developing quickly, more important than ever. Cyber a vital field focused protecting systems, networks, from attacks. It encompasses various practices, technologies, processes designed to safeguard information integrity, confidentiality, availability. threat cyber-attacks increasingly global. Many worries have been raised about how it...

India is facing a great deal of challenges due to the rapid digitalization and broad adoption technology in many different areas. One such concern cybercrime. In this paper explores nature, scope, impact cybercrime Indian context. The rising ubiquity internet usage has rendered people, companies, governmental organizations more susceptible range cyber threats, as identity theft, financial fraud, data breaches, harassment. Despite developments security protection, lack awareness poor...

Recommender systems have become a cornerstone of personalized user experiences across various domains, from e-commerce to entertainment. While traditional models focus on user-item interactions, they often overlook critical contextual information that could significantly enhance prediction accuracy. In this paper, we explore the concept context-aware recommender systems, which integrate temporal, geospatial, and social context improve recommendation quality. Temporal considers factors such...

The nanomachine has a finite processing capability due to size, power, and complexity constraints. To overcome these issues, must cooperate optimize its information exchange operations. Clock synchronization is required for cooperation. In Molecular Communication (MC), challenging task the random move-ment of molecules that causes inter-symbol interference (ISI) non-stationary noise. this paper, we propose method clock between transmitter (TN) receiver (RN) based on molecule's emission time...

The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is a critical statistic for evaluating channel parameter estimation, localization, and synchronization performance. Many situations necessitate SNR estimation information to assure the system's dependability efficacy. This paper proposes method rectangular input concentration with inter-symbol interference Brownian noise. In particular, we derive closed-form expression maximum likelihood (ML) approach estimating metrics. receiver nanomachine uses sampled...

Last two decades encountered various technological innovations. RFID is one of these changes. impacted and eased out the day to life merchandisers customers as well. replaced paper bases system keeping records. has proved its importance in classifications science society technology. a technology that uses radio waves exchange data between devices. The three main components an are readers, tags, back-end. initial objective was identication objects. Early applications systems include tracking...

In this paper, we propose a multi-node molecular communication (MC) system, which consists of point source transmitter (TX), passive receiver, and multiple silent absorbing targets (SATs), tend to absorb molecules. Based on the aforementioned use probability equivalent modeling (PEM) approach model MC system's channel determine receiver's impulse response (CIR). CIR knowledge is required design detection, equalization, localization schemes. Using CIR, derive number molecules observed by...