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Uncertainty is a pervasive and important problem that has attracted increasing attention in health care, given the growing emphasis on evidence-based medicine, shared decision making, patient-centered care. However, our understanding of this limited, part because absence unified, coherent concept uncertainty. There are multiple meanings varieties uncertainty care not often distinguished or acknowledged although each may have unique effects warrant different courses action. The literature...

Uncertainty is a pervasive and important problem that has attracted increasing attention in health care, given the growing emphasis on evidence-based medicine, shared decision making, patient-centered care. However, our understanding of this limited, part because absence unified, coherent concept uncertainty. There are multiple meanings varieties uncertainty care not often distinguished or acknowledged although each may have unique effects warrant different courses action. The literature...

Researchers have used terms such as unrealistic optimism and optimistic bias to refer concepts that are similar but not synonymous. Drawing from three decades of research, we critically discuss how researchers define identify four types reflect different measurement approaches: absolute at the individual group level comparative level. In addition, methodological criticisms leveled against research on note primarily relevant only one type-the form optimism. We further clarify nearly...

People display unrealistic optimism in their predictions for countless events, believing that personal future outcomes will be more desirable than can possibly true. We summarize the vast literature on by focusing four broad questions: What is optimism; when does it occur; why and what are its consequences.

Although risk perception is a key predictor in health behavior theories, current conceptions of comprise only one (deliberative) or two (deliberative vs. affective/experiential) dimensions.This research tested tripartite model that distinguishes among deliberative, affective, and experiential components perception.In studies, relation to three common diseases (cancer, heart disease, diabetes), we used confirmatory factor analyses examine the structure (TRIRISK) compared fit TRIRISK...

This study examined the relationship of dispositional, unrealistic, and comparative optimism to each other personal risk beliefs, actual risk, knowledge processing information. The included 146 middle-age adults who reported heart attack-related knowledge, behaviors read an essay about attack factors. Dispositional was correlated with (perception low relative peers) but not a variable assessing accuracy participants’ estimates (unrealistic optimism). Individuals high in dispositional...

Three studies examined affective, self-evaluative, and behavioral responses to objective social comparison information. In the first study, 437 male female college undergraduates imagined they had a 30% or 60% risk of experiencing negative event that average person's was higher lower. All types were sensitive relative but not absolute risk. second 60 learned scored 40% on task this score above below average. Subsequent behaviors whose outcomes depended largely ability still reflected...

Two studies examined the accuracy of personal risk estimates, as determined by comparing mean estimates made college students with population statistics for college‐educated individuals. Study 1 suggested that optimistic biases (the tendency people to think they are less at than average person) arise more because overestimating person's underestimate their own risk. In 2, subjects rated after being presented were 150%, 100%, or 50% true values. Subjects' decreased decreases in comparison...

Although some optimists may be accurate in their positive beliefs about the future, others unrealistic—their optimism is misplaced. Research shows that smokers exhibit unrealistic by underestimating relative chances of experiencing disease. An important question whether such associated with risk-related attitudes and behavior.We addressed this investigating if one's perceived risk developing lung cancer, over above objective risk, predicted acceptance myths other smoking. Hierarchical...

In this study, we apply the concept of “ambiguity,” as developed in decision theory literature, to an analysis potential psychological consequences uncertainty about cancer prevention recommendations. We used Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS) 2003 data examine how perceived ambiguity recommendations relates three other cognitive variables known influence cancer-protective behavior: preventability, risk, and cancer-related worry. Using logistic regression analyses, tested...

College students were identified who unrealistically optimistic about the likelihood they would experience severe problems due to alcohol consumption. These individuals then followed over a 2-year period determine whether more likely report experiencing range of alcohol-related negative events. Unlike majority studies on unrealistic optimism, this study (a) assessed bias at individual rather than group level and (b) used prospective cross-sectional design. Participants completed measures...

Native apparently somewhere in central Asia, cannabis is at present one of the most widely disseminated cultivated plants. Cannabis as we know it has developed together with man a multi-purpose economic plant; and, result selection for desirable characteristics, become variable Due to extraordinary plasticity and variability cannabis, there can be no progress unravelling taxonomic complexities genus until biology wild populations investigated.

Objective.The current study tested whether self-affirmation in the context of a threatening health message helps promote behavior (fruit and vegetable consumption) over 3-month period, if adding manipulation to support translation intentions into (an implementation induction) enhances impact self-affirmation.Methods.Participants (N =332, 71% women) reported their baseline consumption were randomly assigned condition 2(selfaffirmation: yes, no) ´ 2(implementation intentions: formed, not...