Preface. I. RESEARCH AND THE ROLE OF STATISTICS. 1. Research Design in the Behavioral Sciences. 2. Statistics Context: on Teacher Expectancy. II. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR UNIVARIATE DISTRIBUTIONS. 3. Frequency Distributions. 4. Measures of Central Tendency and Variability. 5. The Normal Distribution. III. JOINT 6. Joint Distributions Correlation Coefficients. 7. Linear Regression. IV. REASONING BEHIND STATISTICAL INFERENCE. 8. Statistical Inference: By Intuition. 9. Probability Theory...

We present a three-dimensional taxonomy of achievement emotions that considers valence, arousal, and object focus as core features these emotions. By distinguishing between positive negative (valence), activating deactivating (arousal), activity emotions, prospective outcome retrospective (object focus), the has 2 × 3 structure representing 12 groups In four studies across different countries (N = 330, 235, 323, 269 participants in Canada, United States, Germany, U.K., respectively), we...

This study examined the relationship between selected attributes of physical educators ( N =94) and their attitudes toward teaching students labeled educable mentally retarded, behaviorally disordered, learning disabled. Data were collected through administration Physical Educators’ Attitude Toward Teaching Handicapped–II (PEATH–II) instrument. A forward stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that, eight teacher variables assessed, educators’ perceived competence in with handicaps was...

Although widely recognized as a comprehensive framework for representing score reliability, generalizability theory (G-theory), despite its potential benefits, has been used sparingly in reporting of results measures individual differences. In this article, we highlight many valuable ways that G-theory can be to quantify, evaluate, and improve psychometric properties scores. Our illustrations encompass assessment overall percentages variation accounted by sources measurement error,...

Research involving early adolescents highlights systematic declines in motiva- tion for learning as students progress from elementary school to secondary school. Students' attributions or explanations past achievement outcomes often are important determinants of future activity choice, investment and persistence. In this article, we critique prior music attribution research report findings our empirical study American 7th-graders' attributional beliefs about success failure classroom music....

Ways of integrating self-perceptions dance, dramatic art, visual and music skills into the R. J. Shavelson, Hubner, G. C. Stanton (1976) hierarchical model self-concept were examined among 831 college students who responded to two multidimensional measures. Dance, self-concepts best integrated hierarchy as components a higher order artistic factor distinct from academic (math verbal) other nonacademic (physical, social, moral) factors. Although all domain-specific facets clearly defined,...

Although the use of computerized assessment tools in educational and psychological settings has increased dramatically recent years, limited information is available about properties self-concept measures. The authors evaluated characteristics paper-and-pencil versions Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES)—one most widely used measures research. Results showed that administration mode (computerized versus paper pencil) had little effect on psychometric SES (i.e., score magnitude, variability,...

Despite the importance of demonstrating and evaluating how structural equation modeling (SEM), exploratory (ESEM), Bayesian (BSEM) work simultaneously, research comparing these analytic techniques is limited with few studies conducted to systematically compare them each other using correlated-factor, hierarchical, bifactor models personality. In this study, we evaluate performance SEM, ESEM, BSEM across structures multiple estimation (maximum likelihood, robust weighted least squares,...

Simulations of computerized adaptive tests (CATs) were used to evaluate results yielded by four commonly ability estimation methods: maximum likelihood (MLE) and three Bayesian approaches—Owen's method, expected a posteriori (EAP), posteriori. In line with the theoretical nature estimates previous empirical research, showed clear distinctions between MLE methods, yielding lower bias, higher standard errors, root mean square fidelity, administrative efficiency. Standard errors for based on...

This study was conducted to determine the influence of two physical education courses on undergraduate educators’ attitudes toward teaching students labeled educable mentally retarded, behavioral disordered, and learning disabled. The courses, Adapted Physical Education for Children, included 77 97 students, respectively. Four strategies attitudinal change (information, contact, persuasion, vicarious experience) were emphasized in former course. Participants both completed Educators’...

Abstract In this study, we compared vocabulary fixed-item, computerized-adaptive, and self-adapted tests (referred to hereafter as FITs, CATs, SATs, respectively). particular, evaluated three aspects of the tests: (a) their measurement precision efficiency, (b) effects several individual difference variables. (test anxiety, verbal self-concept, computer usage, anxiety) on ability estimates alone in interaction with test administration procedures, (c) examinees' attitudes about various...

In recent years, researchers have described how to analyze generalizability theory (GT) based univariate, multivariate, and bifactor designs using structural equation models. However, within GT studies of models, variance components been limited those reflecting relative differences in scores for norm-referencing purposes, with only guidance provided estimating key indices when making changes measurement procedures. this article, we demonstrate derive multi-facet GT-based model that...

In this article, we illustrate how generalizability theory (G-theory) can extend traditional assessment methods for designing, improving, and evaluating results from both objectively subjectively scored measures of individual differences. Our illustrations include quantification multiple sources measurement error, derivation unique indexes consistency norm- criterion-referenced interpretations scores, estimation score when changing a procedure, disattenuation correlation coefficients error....

Generalizability theory provides a comprehensive framework for determining how multiple sources of measurement error affect scores from psychological assessments and using that information to improve those assessments. Although generalizability designs have traditionally been analyzed analyses variance (ANOVA) procedures, the same can be replicated extended structural equation models. We collected multi-occasion data inventories measuring numerous dimensions personality, self-concept,...

Although generalizability theory (GT) designs typically are analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) procedures, they also can be integrated into structural equation models (SEMs). In this tutorial, we review basic concepts for conducting univariate and multivariate GT analyses demonstrate advantages doing such within SEM frameworks multi-occasion data from the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. We show how GT-SEMs reproduce components both relative absolute error obtained ANOVA models,...

Multivariate generalizability theory (GT) represents a comprehensive framework for quantifying score consistency, separating multiple sources contributing to measurement error, correcting correlation coefficients such assessing subscale viability, and determining the best ways change procedures at different levels of aggregation. Despite desirable attributes, multivariate GT has rarely been applied when measuring psychological constructs far less often than univariate techniques that are...

Results obtained from computer‐adaptive and self‐adaptive tests were compared under conditions in which item review was permitted not permitted. Comparisons of answers before after within the “review” condition showed that a small percentage changed (5.23%), more wrong to right than (by ratio 2.92:1), most examinees (66.5%) at least some questions, who improved their ability estimates by doing so 2.55 1), particularly beneficial examineees high levels. between “no‐review” yielded no...

Music self-concept integrates perceptions, beliefs, and self-schemas about a person’s musical abilities potential. Like other dimensions, it is multifaceted, hierarchically organized has implications for motivation toward practice. The Self-Perception Inventory (MUSPI) theoretically based instrument assessing six specific music as well global self-concept. Nonetheless, its applicability limited by length (84 items). In this study, we developed validated 28-item short form of the MUSPI,...

AbstractWe demonstrate how to analyze complete multivariate generalizability theory (GT) designs within structural equation modeling frameworks that encompass both individual subscale scores and composites formed from those scores. Results numerous analyses of observed obtained respondents who completed the recently updated form Big Five Inventory (BFI-2) revealed lavaan SEM package in R produced results virtually identical mGENOVA package, which historically has served as gold standard for...

Generalizability theory (GT) provides an all-encompassing framework for estimating accuracy of scores and effects multiple sources measurement error when using measures intended either norm or criterion referencing purposes. Structural equation models (SEMs) can reproduce results obtained from GT-based analysis-of-variance (ANOVA) procedures while further extending those to correct scale coarseness, derive Monte Carlo based confidence intervals key parameters, separate universe score...

Generalizability theory (GT) provides an all-encompassing framework for estimating accuracy of scores and effects multiple sources measurement error when using measures intended either norm- or criterion-referencing purposes. Structural equation models (SEMs) can replicate results from GT-based ANOVA procedures while extending those analyses to account scale coarseness, generate Monte Carlo-based confidence intervals key parameters, partition universe score variance into general group factor...

We evaluated a real-time biclustering method for detecting cheating on mixed-format assessments that included dichotomous, polytomous, and multi-part items. Biclustering jointly groups examinees items by identifying subgroups of test takers who exhibit similar response patterns specific subsets This method’s flexibility minimal assumptions about examinee behavior make it computationally efficient highly adaptable. To further finetune accuracy reduce false positives in detection, enhanced...

The purpose of this investigation was to develop and validate an adult form the Arts Self-Perception Inventory (ASPI), a multidimensional self-concept inventory designed measure perceptions skill in music, visual art, dance, dramatic art. Data from two independent samples college students (ns = 175 258) strongly supported construct validity ASPI (adult form) by showing that its subscale reliabilities were uniformly high (ax > .95), hypothesized internal structure clearly defined both...