An optimal small amount of water added into methyl ammonium iodide (MAI) solution in isopropyl alcohol (IPA) helps perovskite crystallization and leads to larger grain size from sequential deposition films. The concentration was varied 1% 7% (vol% IPA) MAI optical absorption, crystallization, morphology films their photovoltaic performance were studied solar cells. 5% by volume found lead preferential the (110) plane with about three times that prepared without adding solution. led average...

Solution processed poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) transparent electrodes (TEs) offer great potential as a low cost alternative to expensive indium tin oxide (ITO). However, strong acids are typically used for enhancing the conductivity of PEDOT:PSS TEs, which produce processing complexity and environmental issues. This work presents an environmentally friendly acid free approach enhance using light oxygen plasma treatment, in addition solvent blend...

Fundamental shifts in the structure and generation profile of electrical grids are occurring amidst increased demand for resilience. These two simultaneous trends create need new planning operational practices modern that account compounding uncertainties inherent both resilience assessment increasing contribution variable inverter-based renewable energy sources. This work reviews research addressing changing profile, state-of-the-art to address resilience, works at intersection these topics...

A conjugated copolymer based on alternating benzo[1,2-b;3,4-b']dithiophene (BDT) donor and dodecyloxy substituted benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (ABT) acceptor units was prepared for application in organic solar cells. power conversion efficiency (PCE) of ~3% with a short-circuit current (Jsc) 7.63 mA cm(-2), an open-circuit voltage (Voc) 0.71 V fill-factor (FF) 53.74% obtained under the illumination AM 1.5 irradiation (100 mW cm(-2)). Photovoltaic devices their transient properties blend...

Distributed energy resources (DERs) are transforming the operation and planning of both distribution transmission grids. Stability impacts from increasing generation contribution DERs have been widely recognized in systems emerging systems. There is a need for development hosting capacity studies so utilities will be able to predict prevent instabilities, reductions reliability on electrical grid, create methodologies that enable continued growth DERs. This paper evaluates impact different...

The resilience of a system is often disconnected from its reliability. For many types systems the sacrifice nonessential processes may be acceptable for maintaining resilient set core operations. electric grid, however, this translates to load shedding. Combining Idaho National Laboratory's probabilistic risk assessment tool SAPHIRE and adaptive capacity measurement software PowDDER can provide insights improving grids ability absorb disturbances. A quick survey major power outages revealed...

Tandem polymer solar cells can achieve significantly higher efficiencies by reducing the absorption and thermalization loss.

In this work, the effects of spacer between benzo[1,2-b;3,4-b′]dithiophene (BDT) and dialkoxybenzothiadiazole (ROBT) in polymers were investigated for applications organic solar cells. Polymer PBDT–2T–ROBT has a bithiophene (2T) BDT ROBT units, whereas PBDT–ROBT is direct copolymer ROBT. The polymer/PC70BM cells using both fabricated optimized via polymer/fullerene ratio, solvent, solvent additives. significantly improved cell performance from 1.28% (Voc =0.77 V, Jsc = 3.13 mA/cm2, FF...

We briefly review previous applications of machine learning (ML) in power grid analyses and introduce our ongoing effort toward developing a generative-adversarial (GA) model for fast reliable contingency analyses. According to review, the persisting limitation traditional ML techniques is need an exhaustive amount training data generalization accurate predictions. GA models overcome this by first true distribution from small set, which new samples assimilating are generated with some...

A series of counter electrodes (CEs) for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) was fabricated using different weight ratios electrospun carbon nanofibers (ECNs) and nanoparticles (CNPs). The conductivity neat ECN 838 S/m, which is more than twice that CNP, the bulk resistance CEs decreased as increased in composite, leading to lower transport CEs. However, concentration CNPs increased, surface area also improved because have a much smaller dimension ECNs, higher electrocatalytic property. with...

Silver nanowires (SNWs) have shown much promise as a lower cost flexible transparent electrode alternative to indium tin oxide. However, the stability of SNW electrodes has been brought into question. In this work, we studied failure for different synthesis conditions and nanowire diameters with without ultraviolet (UV)-ozone treatment. Transparent fabricated from synthesized at temperatures were found lifetime 53 days: longest reported best our knowledge less than 100 nm in diameter. trials...

Cyber–physical systems (CPSs) are an integral part of modern society; thus, enhancing these systems’ reliability and resilience is paramount. testbeds (CPTs) a safe way to test explore the interplay between cyber physical domains cost-effectively enhance CPSs. Here review CPT elements, broken down into components (simulators, emulators, hardware), soft (communication protocols, network timing protocols), user interfaces (visualization-dashboard design considerations) presented. Various...

In solution-processed tandem polymer solar cells, one of the most challenging parts is optimization interconnecting layers (ICLs) between subcells. this study, ICLs were optimized for double- and triple-junction cells. We investigated robustness PEDOT:PSS/AZO/PEIE ICL Solvent testing showed a uniform coverage PEDOT:PSS layer when prepared without adding DMSO IPA in with no use additional filters. The performance cells was on different temperatures interfacial layer. annealing temperature can...

We propose a multi-fidelity neural network (MFNN) tailored for rapid high-dimensional grid power flow simulations and contingency analysis with scarce high-fidelity data. The proposed model comprises two networks—the first one trained on DC approximation as low-fidelity data coupled to both low- Each features latent module which parametrizes the by discrete topology vector generalization (e.g., n lines k disconnections or contingencies, if any), targeted output is weighted sum of linear...

As the power grid becomes more interconnected attack surface increases and determining causes of anomalies complex. Automated responses are a mechanism which can provide resilience in system by responding to anomalies. An automated response make intelligent decisions when paired with an health assessment includes human loop for making critical decisions. Effective be determined developing matrix considers likely impacts on if is taken. A testbed assists analyze these determine their effects...

Cyber-physical systems are becoming more important to study and understand within our modern society. Previously., physical cognitive disturbances were the predominate concern for power systems, but a high penetration of internet connected devices grid requires careful consideration implication cyber may have on or aspects system. This work introduces new benchmark model intended accommodate interdisciplinary studies that include all three types (physical, cognitive) interrelation between...