Semi-quantum cryptography communication stipulates that the quantum user has complete capabilities, and classical limited only being able to perform following operations: (1) measuring preparing qubits with a Z basis (2) returning without any processing. Secret sharing requires participants work together obtain secret information, which ensures security of information. In semi-quantum (SQSS) protocol, Alice divides information into two parts gives them participants. Only when they cooperate...

Abstract Semi‐quantum secure summation allows multiple parties with limited quantum capabilities to perform collective calculations under the premise of protecting privacy. However, current approaches are confined low‐dimensional states as information carriers and restricted scenarios involving two or three parties. This limitation hinders their universality ability fulfill requirements practical multiparty computations. To address these challenges, a novel semi‐quantum (SQSMS) protocol is...

Abstract Semi-quantum secret sharing (SQSS) is a branch of quantum cryptography, with the advantage fewer resources. In this paper, we present SQSS protocol based on hybrid single particle and GHZ-type states. Our adopts circular transport structure to share information between classical parties, employing entanglement correlation uncertainty states guarantee security transmission. Security analysis indicates that proposed enables resilience against various potential attacks such as...

Semi-quantum secret sharing (SQSS) is an important branch of semi-quantum cryptography, and differs from quantum (QSS) in that not all parties are required to possess capabilities. All previous SQSS protocols have three common features: (i) they adopt product states or entangled as initial resource; (ii) the particles prepared by party transmitted a tree-type way; (iii) require classical measurement capability. In this paper, two circular with single suggested, where first one requires...

Abstract Semi-quantum protocols serve as a bridge between quantum users and “classical” with limited capabilities, providing support for application scenarios that cannot afford the excessively high cost of resources. In this paper, we present semi-quantum key distribution (SQKD) protocol based on Bell states single particles, which is designed different types users. The enables simultaneous classical users, well establishment two security analysis demonstrates can reach same level full...

Abstract Secure semi-quantum summation entails the collective computation of sum private secrets by multi-untrustworthy and resource-limited participants, facilitated a quantum third-party. This paper introduces three protocols based on single photons, where eliminating need for classical users to possess measurement capabilities. Two-party protocol 1 2 are structured upon different models: star ring, respectively. The security analysis extensively evaluates protocols’ resilience against...

Abstract Semi-quantum secret sharing (SQSS) protocols serve as fundamental frameworks in quantum secure multi-party computations, offering the advantage of not requiring all users to possess intricate devices. However, current SQSS mainly cater bipartite scenarios, with few suitable for scenarios. Moreover, face limitations such low qubit efficiency and inability share deterministic information. To address this gap, paper proposes a protocol based on multi-particle GHZ states. In protocol,...

The idea of semi-quantum communication protocols provides a theoretical solution for the high costs quantum resources. In this study, we propose an efficient key distribution protocol that allows Alice and quantum-capable restricted Bob to establish secure key. Then, demonstrate is information-theoretic in asymptotic scenario. As long as channel noise less than tolerance protocol, can withdraw proposed has advantages over previous regarding qubit efficiency cost. Besides, our analysis more...

Abstract Metric learning plays an essential role in image analysis and classification, it has attracted more attention. In this paper, we propose a quantum adversarial metric (QAML) model based on the triplet loss function, where samples are embedded into high-dimensional Hilbert space optimal is obtained by minimizing function. The QAML employs entanglement interference to build superposition states for so that only one parameterized circuit needed calculate sample distances, which reduces...

Semi-quantum key distribution allows generating a raw between two communication participants, in which the sender is quantum participant and receiver classical participant. This article presents an original semi-quantum protocol based on hyperentangled Bell states. The states can be entangled simultaneously polarization spatial degrees of freedom, enhancing channel capacity. According to characteristics states, proposed more efficient than Moreover, measure–resend attack, intercept–resend...