The pelagic larvae of many marine organisms can potentially disperse across hundreds kilometers, but whether oceanographic or behavioral mechanisms constrain dispersal over periods sufficient for the evolution genetic differentiation remains unclear. Here, we concurrently examine larval duration and population in a cleaner goby, Elacatinus evelynae, member most species-rich genus Caribbean reef fishes. Despite evidence extended (21 days), populations E. evelynae show strong differentiation:...

Speciation with gene flow is expected to generate a heterogeneous pattern of genomic differentiation. The few genes under or physically linked loci experiencing strong disruptive selection can diverge, whereas will homogenize the remainder genome, resulting in isolated “genomic islands speciation.” We conducted an experimental test this hypothesis Rhagoletis pomonella , model for sympatric ecological speciation. Contrary expectations, we found widespread divergence throughout majority...

Studies of speciation in the marine environment have historically compared broad-scale distributions and estimated larval dispersal potential to infer geographic barriers responsible for allopatric speciation.However, many clades show high species diversity geographically restricted areas where are not obvious should bring sister taxa into contact.Genetic differentiation at small (separation Ͻ1000 km) spatial scales could facilitate by mechanisms other than gradual accumulation reproductive...

Abstract Geographic barriers that limit the movement of individuals between populations may create or maintain phylogenetically discrete lineages. Such are often inferred from geographic surveys a single mitochondrial marker to identify phylogenetic splits. Mitochondrial DNA, however, has an effective population size one‐fourth nuclear which can facilitate rapid evolution monophyletic mtDNA lineages in absence barriers. The identification will thus be more robust if proposed priori, and...

Studies of speciation in the marine environment have historically compared broad-scale distributions and estimated larval dispersal potential to infer geographic barriers responsible for allopatric speciation. However, many clades show high species diversity geographically restricted areas where are not obvious should bring sister taxa into contact. Genetic differentiation at small (separation <1000 km) spatial scales could facilitate by mechanisms other than gradual accumulation...

The relationship between economic growth and the environment is not well understood: we have only limited understanding of basic science involved very data.Because these difficulties it especially important to develop a series relatively simple theoretical models that generate stark predictions.This paper presents one such model where societies implement "the Kindergarten rule sustainable growth."Following means implementing zero emission technologies in either finite time or...

Mental glands and their associated delivery behaviors during courtship are unique to the plethodontid salamanders. Because previous interpretations of evolution these features were conducted using older phylogenetic hypotheses, we reanalyzed traits with newer descriptions contemporary methods. Using Bayesian ancestral state reconstruction methods that have been developed since first analyses in mid-1990s, reconstructed mental gland behavior on a phylogeny nuclear gene Rag1. The most probable...

How should international economic policy address climate change? Does trade cause deforestation and endangered species depletion? does globalization affect air water pollution? Do investment create a race to the bottom in environmental policy? important are impacts of transporting goods? We review theory empirical work linking environment with focus on recent methods. discuss literature local global pollutants, impact emissions from transportation, effect sustainability renewable resources,...

Abstract We report the isolation and development of 81 novel primers for amplifying microsatellite loci in Rhagoletis pomonella sibling species complex, sequencing, characterization analysis basic population genetic parameters nine these genes. also successful cross‐species amplification several loci. The R. complex is a textbook example differentiation sympatry via host‐plant shifting. Microsatellite markers can be useful mapping host‐plant‐associated adaptations that generate reproductive...

Telemetry is an extremely useful technique used to study movement patterns of fishes gain insight into life history. This especially important when dealing with species conservation concern, such as the alligator gar (Atractosteus spatula). Alligator gar, despite dwindling populations or presumed extirpation across much its native range, have received minimal attention in literature. sought evaluate juvenile reintroduced a historic, now disconnected, floodplain Mississippi River. Nineteen...

Abstract Sixteen microsatellite markers were used to determine the genetic relatedness between adult female polar bears and their accompanying cubs for three recent occurrences of natural adoption recorded in Canadian Arctic. The estimation degree was powerful provided a high separation first order relatives unrelated individuals with loci used. analysis showed that adoptive mothers one another. Although circumstances mechanisms whereby these events occurred are unknown, data do not support...

Two new species of gobies (Teleostei: Gobiidae) were recently discovered off the coast Veracruz, Mexico in southwestern Gulf Mexico. Elacatinus jarocho sp. nov. can be diagnosed from other genus by disjunct yellow lateral stripe restricted to head and caudal fin base, medial on snout, black ovoid rectangular spot at base fin, immediately ventral dash. This forms shoals water column close rock coral reefs, feeding presumably zooplankton, a trait shared only one genus. redimiculus distinct...

Nasolacrimal ducts are a terrestrial vertebrate adaptation and appear to have co-evolved with orbital glands. Although plethodontid salamanders possess glands, recent study concluded that lack nasolacrimal ducts. Functionally, the absence of closes route for gland secretion passage into nasal vomeronasal organ cavities. Orbital glands been implicated in enhancement function so loss could important implications communication. Multiple older studies depict or discuss salamanders....