If people favor their ingroup, are especially concerned with own group, and attribute different essences to groups, it follows that essence must be superior the of other groups. Intelligence, language, certain emotions all considered distinctive elements human nature or essence. The role inteligence language in discrimination, prejudice, racism has already been largely investigated, this article focuses on attributed emotions. Specifically, we investigate idea secondary typically...

Abstract According to the psychological essentialism perspective, people tend explain differences between groups by attributing them different essences. Given a pervasive ethnocentrism, this tendency implies that human essence will be restricted ingroup whereas outgroups receive lesser degree of humanity. Therefore, it is argued attribute more uniquely characteristics than outgroup. The present article focuses on secondary emotions constitute such characteristics. Study 1 showed members...

Infra‐humanizing outgroups involves considering less human and more animal‐like than the ingroup, which is perceived, in essence, as fully human. In this article, first section presents theoretical background of infra‐humanization distinguishes it from related concepts, such dehumanization. The three basic hypotheses theory are then presented with a summary empirical evidence. Social implications follow. Reasons for pervasiveness phenomenon examined well conditions that lead specific...

Abstract In explaining differences between groups, people ascribe the human essence to their ingroup and consider outgroups as less human. This phenomenon, called infra‐humanization, occurs outside people's awareness. Because secondary emotions (e.g. love, hope, contempt, resentment) are considered uniquely emotions, not only attribute more than outgroups, but reluctant associate these with outgroups. Moreover, behave cooperatively (in terms of altruism, imitation, approach) an outgroup...

This study examined the role of couple similarity in spouses' marital satisfaction and affect. The associations between spousal relationship measures were a sample 248 married couples. As hypothesized, greater partners was associated with higher levels lower negative In particular, on gendered personality values domains more strongly measures, whereas attitudes religiosity showed weaker inconsistent patterns associations. Finally, profile-based tended to be stronger consistent correlate than...

This study examined maternal gatekeeping, its background and psychological antecedents, consequences for paternal involvement in child care. In sum, 209 couples with 6- to 36-month-old children completed extensive questionnaires. Analyses revealed that various dimensions of gatekeeping were differentially associated the antecedents gatekeeping. The standards responsibilities dimension was related mother's self-esteem, it predicted father's identity confirmation salience identity, her own...

According to Leyens et al.’s (2000) theory, intergroup discrimination involves a differential appraisal of the ingroup’s and outgroup’s uniquely human characteristics. Four experiments investigated how emotions that are considered (i.e. secondary emotions) non primary (Demoulin al., 2001a) differentially associated with ingroup outgroup. Using Implicit Association Task (IAT) we found stronger association names outgroup emotions, than reverse. Whereas Study 2 used negative all other positive...

This study explores the role of gender ideologies in moderating social judgments norm violators. Three hundred and eleven participants evaluated a male or female target who was either primary breadwinner caregiver. Attributions personal traits, moral emotions, marital emotions were examined. Results showed that both traditional egalitarian individuals applied double standard when judging deviations from gendered family roles. However, as predicted, normative targets more favorably than...

Three experiments investigated how activation of knowledge about situational forces affects discounting in dispositional inference tasks. Each experiment varied a different factor--salience, accessibility, or specificity information. In addition, all 3 demands and cognitive load. The results showed that load eliminated when information was low salience, specificity. However, more salient, accessible, specific, it produced strong effects even perceivers were under These are discussed terms...

Abstract This study examined the complex relationships between gender, job insecurity and job-related stress. Previous findings have suggested that men experience greater than women, are more vulnerable to The current tested hypothesis gender ideology of employees moderates effect on Data were obtained by questionnaires from a sample 203 married employees. results showed traditional women. However, as hypothesized, egalitarian women exhibited similar degrees insecurity. Furthermore, in was...

This research applies the Common Ingroup Identity Model (Gaertner & Dovidio, 2000) to explore moderating role of superordinate categorization in infrahumanization. Two studies were conducted within context an inter-racial intergroup conflict. As hypothesized, perceived outgroup identification with category (Study 1) or 2) was related a weaker tendency infrahumanize by attributing it lesser degree secondary emotions. In addition, weak ingroup eliminated infrahumanization Study 2. The...

This study draws on ambivalent sexism theory to explore the role of benevolent and hostile gender attitudes in determining perceptions individuals who comply with traditional roles or violate them. Three hundred eleven participants were presented a description male female target was either primary breadwinner caregiver. As hypothesized, (HS) predicted more negative breadwinner, whereas (BS) positive Moreover, endorsed toward men reacted positively nontraditional caregiver, those negatively...

The present study examined the role of ambivalent sexist ideologies in division childcare responsibilities. We proposed maternal gatekeeping as a mediator through which hostile attitudes toward men and women facilitate gendered childcare. A sample 207 mothers with at least one child aged 6 years or younger completed extensive questionnaires. As hypothesized, mother's were positively related to tendencies. Gatekeeping, turn, was greater time investment share tasks relative father. Finally,...

Abstract Despite wide public support for gender equality in work and caregiving, family responsibilities are still divided predominantly along traditional lines. This study examined the role of biological essentialism division roles using a nationally representative sample British parents with young children ( N = 5,605). Both mothers’ fathers’ essentialist beliefs about men’s women’s innate ability to care were associated more childcare tasks, hours provided by mother, fewer father. When...

This study explored the mediating role of stereotypes and evaluations in relationships between intergroup conflict, social contact, behavioral intentions to engage contact. The hypotheses, derived from realistic group conflict theory contact theory, were tested on samples Arab Jewish high school students context an ethno-racial conflict. As hypothesized, less participants perceived a groups, greater their past with out-group members, more they willing Moreover, mediated these effects sample....

The current study draws on identity theory to explore mothers’ and fathers’ involvement in childcare. It examined the relationships between salience centrality of individuals’ parental work-related identities extent which they are involved various forms A sample 148 couples with at least one child aged 6 years old or younger completed extensive questionnaires. As hypothesized, were positively related Moreover, maternal was negatively hours childcare share tasks. Finally, work mediated...

The present study examined the role of individuals' social psychological characteristics in division housework and childcare responsibilities, comparing parents role-reversed arrangements with a more traditional roles. A sample 353 young children completed extensive questionnaires. As hypothesized, participants expressed egalitarian gender ideologies had lower tendency to endorse biological essentialist beliefs compared findings further showed that parents' essentialism were interrelated...

This study used the theory of human values to explore parents' involvement with their children. The relationships between maternal and paternal value priorities various forms in child care were examined a sample 209 couples 1 6 36 months age. As predicted, giving high priority openness‐to‐change (e.g., self‐direction, stimulation) low conservation tradition, conformity, security) is associated more father less mother involvement. Moreover, as given by spouse achievement negatively related...

This study draws on identity theory to explore parental and work identities. It examined gender differences in identities, as well the moderating role of effects individuals’ sociostructural characteristics. A sample 148 couples with young children completed extensive questionnaires. As hypothesized, couples’ paid-work strategy moderated salience centrality Whereas significant identities were found between stay-at-home mothers their breadwinning husbands, no among dual-earner couples....