Load prediction and power uncertainties are inevitable aspects of a virtual plant (VPP). In system economic dispatch (ED) modeling, the interval is used to describe uncertainties. An ED model with uncertainty established in this paper. The probability degree definition adopted convert interval-based into deterministic for purposes solving modeling problem. Simulation tests performed on 10-machine using professional optimization software (LINGO). simulation results verify validity proposed scheme VPP.

To intelligently schedule heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems for reducing energy cost of commercial buildings, indoor temperature quality (IAQ) should be jointly considered. Otherwise, the health productivity occupants may affected. In this paper, we investigate problem minimizing sum associated with HVAC thermal discomfort related to in multi-zone buildings considering IAQ management. Firstly, by taking uncertainties electricity price, outdoor temperature, number...

In this paper, an optimal day-ahead scheduling problem is studied for a microgrid with multiple distributed resources. For the sake of coping prediction uncertainties renewable energies and loads taking advantage time-of-use price buying/selling electricity, interval-based optimization model maximum profits developed. To reduce computational complexity in solving model, possibility degree comparison between interval real number used to convert constraints into general ones; meanwhile, some...

This study is concerned with resilient load frequency control (LFC) scheme design of multi‐area power systems communication delay and aperiodic denial‐of‐service (DoS) attacks. First, to identify DoS attacks, a detection mechanism in the actuator side proposed which time counter measuring input delay. The identified attacks are constrained by its upper bound duration. When identified, switches zero‐input strategy from hold‐input strategy. According switching inputs, switched system model...

A virtual power plant (VPP) is aimed to integrate distributed energy resources (DERs). To solve the VPP economic dispatch (VPED) problem, supply-demand balance, transmission constraints, and output constraints of each DER must be considered. Meanwhile, impacts communication time delays, channel noises, time-varying topology on networks cannot ignored. In this paper, a VPED model established primal-dual sub-gradient method (DPDSM) employed address presented model. Compared with traditional...

The balanced truncation method (BTM) can make the reduced model preserve controllability, observability, stability, and dynamic response of original model, but some steady-state deviations between exist. On premise keeping merits BTM, this paper modifies BTM to narrow by introducing a gain factor into transfer function matrix adjust value not change behavior. For verifying modified we apply reduction typical two-machine system. testing results indicate that decrease deviations, lower order...

To deal with the problem of generation rate constraint (GRC) during load frequency control (LFC) design for a multi-area interconnected power system, this paper proposes an anti-windup controller method. Firstly, H ∞ dynamic is designed to obtain robust performance closed-loop system in absence GRC. Then, compensator (AWC) formulated restrict magnitude and input (namely increment) prescribed ranges so that operation unit does not exceed physical constraints. Finally, LFC tested on systems,...

Resilient dynamic event‐triggered control design problem is concerned for frequency stabilisation of multi‐area power systems with renewable energy penetration under transmission delay and denial‐of‐service (DoS) attacks. The main works are presented as followings: (1) A novel state‐space model established to describe solar wind generation disturbance load virtual inertia (LFC‐VIC). (2) influence DoS attacks considered first modelled by model‐based average dwell time (MDADT). criterion...

For the load frequency control (LFC) of interconnected power system, a two-level coordinated frame based on multi-agent system is proposed to improve performance system. In frame, upper-level agent, in centralized manner, coordinates lower-level LFC agents deal with conflict between narrowing area error and stabilizing frequency. The agents, distributed cooperative realize mutual support among neighboring areas guarantee stability an emergency. To verify validity method, numerical...

Abstract This article presents an approach to design robust load frequency controllers. In view of the drawbacks conventional control model, a new strict model is derived from detailed area model. Based on controllers are designed restrain disturbances. Since with high order adverse practical application, balanced truncation method adopted reduce Finally, tested typical two-area four-machine system, and results verify validity presented approach.

Abstract Owing to their flexibility and rapid response, grid-connected distributed energy resources (DERs) are wielding growing influence in frequency regulation markets (FRMs). Nevertheless, compared with conventional large-scale generators, small-scale DERs usually weakly shielded by cyber security measures. This offers attackers the opportunity of disrupting clearing settlement FRMs manipulating bid information DERs. In this paper, market equilibrium is studied considering dynamic gaming...

Cyber security of microgrids attracts increasing attention since the relatively open communication network is vulnerable to hacker attacks. This study proposes a real‐time distributed economic dispatch scheme for grid‐connected microgrid against cyberattacks. Firstly, virtual leader agent placed at point common coupling measure power tracking error achieving supply–demand balance, and then optimal solution model solved by consensus algorithm multi‐agent system theory. Subsequently, set...

In the presence of parametric uncertainties for microgrids, this paper proposes an adaptive secondary control method via distributed dynamic programming theory. For controller design, a single critic neural network is introduced to deal with in model generators. By using such technique, can be trained directly from data measurements and thus adapt system or external disturbances. addition, proposed distributed, which means that realization only needs information each generator its neighbors...

A method is introduced to reduce the order of external area model power systems. During modeling process area, connection variables, voltage and current vectors in public coordinate system, are selected describe interaction between study area. In adapt linear reduction methods, transformed be a standard by expanding its input variables. Based on proposed model, balanced residualization adopted model. Simulation tests show that can great extent preserve relations two areas well.

Abstract False data injection attacks pose a great threat to the safe and stable operation of power systems. Therefore, detection defense false in LFC systems is becoming more important. First, based on equivalent model system Kalman filter algorithm, this paper proposes attack method; secondly, robust controller used reduce load disturbances according operating characteristics system; then idea switching links proposed impact cyberattack finally, MATLAB/Simulink software carry out...

The online measurement of some crucial variables in synchronous generator (such as the power angle, d-axis and q-axis transient electric magnetic fields, stator circuit currents) is very important many applications, but they are difficult to be measured by ordinary sensors. In paper, these estimated (soft-sensed) on basis directly measurable active reactive powers amplitude current). First, a new model proposed, which fully includes suitable for designing soft-sensors. Second, aiming at...

The design of an area controller for power systems should be based on a reasonable model, which consist component models, models controllers, and grid models. Because the model that can completely describe characteristics is complex difficult controller, balanced truncation method used to reduce order in advance. Considering reduced has same physical meanings input output variables original system stabilizer (PSS) designed using output-feedback control model. simulation results demonstrate...

In order to reduce the loss and improve operating efficiency, it is necessary optimize schedule for sources, grids loads of active distribution network (ADN). Firstly, an operation model established source-grid-load interactive ADN. this model, minimum treated as objective function, distributed generation tie-line switches grid, controllable serve optimized variables. Considering that about mix-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) problem, transformed into a bi-level combinatorial...

This paper presents a strategy for intelligent power utilization in smart building based on particle swarm optimization with adaptive chaotic inertia weights (AIWPSO) to minimize electric cost and maximize user's comfort. Suppose that photovoltaic (PV) generation, batteries, micro turbines, controllable loads uncontrollable exist building. The proposed AIWPSO algorithm used solving the model can further improve performance compared PSO terms of convergence speed accuracy as well global...