We present a new magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation code with the aim of providing accurate numerical solutions to astrophysical phenomena where discontinuities, shock waves, and turbulence are inherently important. The implements HLLD approximate Riemann solver, fifth-order-monotonicity-preserving interpolation (MP5) scheme, hyperbolic divergence cleaning method for magnetic field. This choice schemes significantly improved accuracy stability, saved computational costs in multidimensional...

Magnetic field is ubiquitous in the Universe and it plays essential roles various astrophysical phenomena, yet its real origin evolution are poorly known. This article reviews current understanding of magnetic fields interstellar medium, Milky Way Galaxy, external galaxies, active galactic nuclei, clusters cosmic web. Particularly, review concentrates on achievements that have been provided by centimeter meter wavelength radio observations. The also introduces methods to analyze linear...

Active galaxies contain a supermassive black hole at their center that grows by accreting matter from the surrounding galaxy. The accretion process in about central 10 parsecs has not been directly resolved previous observations because of small apparent angular sizes involved. We observed active nucleus Circinus Galaxy using submillimeter interferometry. A dense inflow molecular gas was evident on subparsec scales. calculated less than 3% this is accreted hole, with rest being ejected...

We investigated dusty and dust-free gas dynamics for a radiation-driven sub-pc scale outflow in an active galactic nucleus (AGN) associated with supermassive black hole $10^7 M_\odot$ bolometric luminosity $10^{44}$ erg s$^{-1}$ based on the two-dimensional radiation-hydrodynamic simulations. A ``lotus-like'' multi-shell is launched from inner part ($r \lesssim 0.04$ pc) of geometrically thin disk, it repeatedly steadily produces shocks as mass accretion continues through disk to center. The...

Abstract Observed protostellar outflows exhibit a variety of asymmetrical features, including remarkable unipolar and bending outflows. Revealing the formation early evolution such outflows, especially is essential for better understanding star planet because they can dramatically change mass accretion angular momentum transport to protostars protoplanetary disks. Here we perform three-dimensional nonideal magnetohydrodynamics simulations investigate in magnetized turbulent isolated...

Abstract The Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE) detected polarization in the nearest Seyfert 2 galaxy, Circinus for first time. To reproduce IXPE results, we computed degree of based on two types radiative hydrodynamic simulations: a parsec-scale three-dimensional model and sub-parsec-scale axisymmetric with higher spatial resolution. In series papers, confirmed that these models naturally explain multiwavelength observations galaxy from radio to X-rays. We used Monte Carlo Simulation...

Abstract We studied the magnetic field structures and dynamics of magnetized multiphase gas on parsec scales around supermassive black holes by using global 3D magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) simulations. considered effect radiative cooling X-ray heating due to active galactic nuclei (AGNs). The disk consists a with (1) cold (≤10 3 K) thin, (2) warm (∼10 4 thick components wide range number densities. turbulent energy at maximum is comparable thermal kinetic energies in motion. confirmed that...

A recent hydrodynamic model, "radiation-driven fountain model" (Wada et al. 2016), presented a dynamical picture that active galactic nuclei (AGNs) tori sustain their geometrical thickness by gas circulation around AGNs, and previous papers confirmed this is consistent with multi-wavelength observations of nearby Seyfert galaxies. Recent near-infrared implied CO rovibrational absorption lines ($\Delta J=\pm1$, $v=0-1$, $\lambda \sim 4.7$ $\mathrm{\mu m}$) could probe physical properties the...

We analyse the cosmic ray magnetohydrodynamic (CR MHD) equations to improve numerical simulations. propose solve them in fully conservation form, which is equivalent conventional CR MHD equations. In energy equation replaced with 'number' conservation, where number density defined as three-fourths power of density. The former contains an extra source term, while latter does not. An approximate Riemann solver derived from form. Based on analysis, we a scheme solutions satisfy Rankine–Hugoniot...

Abstract We studied the absorption features of CO lines against continuum originating from heated dust in obscuring tori around active galactic nuclei (AGNs). investigated formation corresponding to rotational transitions using three-dimensional non-LTE line transfer simulations considering thermal emission. As Papers I–III this series, we performed post-processed radiative calculations “radiation-driven fountain model” (Wada et al. 2016), which yields a geometrically thick structure...

In astrophysical jets observed in active galactic nuclei and microquasars, the energy exchange rate by Coulomb collision is insufficient for thermal equilibrium between ions electrons. Therefore, it necessary to consider difference ion temperature electron temperature. We present results of two-temperature magnetohydrodynamics(MHD) simulations demonstrate effects coupling. It assumed that dissipation heats only ions. find temperatures are separated through shocks. Since entropy increased at...

Active galaxies contain a supermassive black hole at their center, which grows by accreting matter from the surrounding galaxy. The accretion process in central ~10 parsecs has not been directly resolved previous observations, due to small apparent angular sizes involved. We observed active nucleus of Circinus Galaxy using sub-millimeter interferometry. A dense inflow molecular gas is evident on sub-parsec scales. calculate that less than 3% this accreted hole, with rest being ejected...

We present the results of two-temperature magnetohydrodynamic simulations propagation sub-relativistic jets active galactic nuclei. The dependence electron and ion temperature distributions on fraction heating fe at shock front is studied for fe=0, 0.05, 0.2. Numerical indicate that in sub-relativistic, rarefied jets, jet plasma crossing terminal forms a hot, which higher than temperature. expands backflow referred to as cocoon, remains longer 100 Myr. Electrons cocoon are continuously...

Magnetic fields play essential roles in various astronomical objects. Radio astronomy has revealed that magnetic are ubiquitous our Universe. However, the real origin and evolution of is poorly proven. In order to advance knowledge cosmic magnetism coming decades, Square Kilometre Array (SKA) should have supreme sensitivity than ever before, which provides numerous observation points space. Furthermore, SKA be designed facilitate wideband polarimetry so as allow us examine sightline...

We examine the two-fluid cosmic-ray magnetohydrodynamic (CR MHD) equations to take account of dynamical effects cosmic rays (CRs) in simplest form. For simplicity we assume that pressure CRs is proportional energy density, Pcr = (γcr − 1)Ecr, where γcr denotes adiabatic index CRs. find fully conservative form CR MHD and derive Rankine-Hugoniot relation for a shock. One component describes conservation total number density defined as ρcr Pcr1/γcr. also Riemann solution, which provides us...

It is widely believed that in active galactic nuclei (AGNs) a supermassive black hole with an accretion disk surrounded by optically and geometrically thick torus at sub-parsec scale. However, it not clear how the mass supply toward central engine caused related internal structures of tori. The magnetic field tori may contribute to process via magneto-rotational instability (MRI). Using global three dimensional magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations taking effects X-ray heating radiative...

Observed protostellar outflows exhibit a variety of asymmetrical features, including remarkable unipolar and bending outflows. Revealing the formation early evolution such outflows, especially is essential for better understanding star planet because they can dramatically change mass accretion angular momentum transport to protostars protoplanetary disks. Here, we perform three-dimensional non-ideal magnetohydrodynamics simulations investigate in magnetized turbulent isolated molecular cloud...

Recent submillimeter observations have revealed signs of pc-scale molecular inflow and atomic outflow in the nearest Seyfert 2 galaxy, Circinus galaxy. To verify gas kinematics suggested by these observations, we performed line transfer calculations based on a physics-based 3D radiation-hydrodynamic model, which has been compared with multi-wavelength this paper series. The major axis position-velocity diagram (PVD) CO(3-2) reproduces observed faint emission at systemic velocity, our confirm...

Abstract Recent submillimeter observations have revealed signs of parsec-scale molecular inflow and atomic outflow in the nearest Seyfert 2 galaxy, Circinus galaxy. To verify gas kinematics suggested by these observations, we performed line transfer calculations based on a physics-based 3D radiation-hydrodynamic model, which has been compared with multiwavelength this paper series. The major-axis position–velocity diagram (PVD) CO(3–2) reproduces observed faint emission at systemic velocity,...

Abstract We investigated the influence of Eddington ratio on sub-parsec-scale outflows in active galactic nuclei (AGNs) with supermassive black holes (SMBHs) masses 10 7 M ⊙ using two-dimensional radiation hydrodynamics simulations. When range is γ Edd > −3 , force exceeds gas pressure, leading to stronger and larger dust sublimation radius. Although are a time-dependent phenomenon, our simulations demonstrated that radial distributions can be well explained by steady solutions...

We analyzed the data of Stokes $I$, $Q$, and $U$ in C- X-bands investigated large-scale magnetic field structure NGC 3627. The polarization intensity angle each band were derived using $Q$ maps. rotation measure was calculated polarization-angle Moreover, strength by assuming energy equipartition with cosmic ray electrons. well aligned spiral arms, which consistent those former studies. applied vector reconstruction method to 3627 derive a map, showed that northern southern disks dominant...

The Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE) detected polarization in the nearest Seyfert 2 galaxy, Circinus for first time. To reproduce IXPE results, we computed degree of based on two types radiative hydrodynamic simulations: a parsec-scale three-dimensional model and sub-parsec-scale axisymmetric with higher spatial resolution. In series papers, confirmed that these models naturally explain multi-wavelength observations galaxy from radio to X-rays. We used Monte Carlo Simulation...

Abstract Despite many theoretical studies and observations, we still do not fully understand the feeding mechanism in AGNs even nearby galaxies, how feedback from affects gas dynamics itself galactic central regions. In this article, summarize our recent preliminary results terms of mass inflow outflows on sub-parsec to 100 parsecs scales around AGNs. We introduce different studies: 1) How galaxy-galaxy mergers trigger AGN activity obscuration?, 2) radiative affect formation obscuration...