Abstract The January 2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha’apai eruption was one of the most explosive volcanic events modern era 1,2 , producing a vertical plume that peaked more than 50 km above Earth 3 . initial explosion and subsequent triggered atmospheric waves propagated around world multiple times 4 A global-scale wave response this magnitude from single source has not previously been observed. Here we show details response, using comprehensive set satellite ground-based observations to quantify...

Abstract The explosive eruption of the Hunga‐Tonga volcano in southwest Pacific at 0415UT on 15 January 2022 triggered gigantic atmospheric disturbances with surface air pressure waves propagating around globe Lamb mode. In space, concentric traveling ionosphere (CTIDs) are also observed as a manifestation New Zealand ∼0500UT and Australia ∼0630UT. As soon reached central ∼0800UT, conjugate CTIDs appeared almost simultaneously northern hemispheres through interhemispheric coupling, much...

We examine the thermal structure of mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) using observations from 2002 through 2021 SABER instrument on NASA TIMED satellite. These show that MLT has significantly cooled contracted between years 2019 (the year most recent solar minimum) due to a combination decline in intensity 11-year cycle increasing carbon dioxide (CO

Abstract The storm‐time temperature difference with respect to its quiet‐time expectation (ΔT) in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere were studied during extreme storms on 2024 Mother's Day 2003 Halloween Day. ΔT determined by performing daily zonal running mean profiles ascending descending nodes separately. had peak values of ≥25 K extended downward ∼100 km globally. Above 105 km, global ≥20 early morning ≥15 late afternoon storm‐time. At high latitudes, was larger than morning. This is...

Abstract In this paper, we present near‐simultaneous observations of a gravity wave (GW) event in the stratosphere, mesosphere, and ionosphere over South Central United States track it from its convective source region troposphere to ionosphere, where appears as traveling ionospheric disturbance (TID). On 4 April 2014 concentric GW ring patterns were seen at stratospheric heights close proximity storm North Texas Atmospheric Infrared Sounder data on board NASA Aqua satellite. Concentric GWs...

Abstract Concentric traveling ionosphere disturbances (CTIDs) in total electron content triggered by Super Typhoon Meranti on 13 September 2016 are detected using the ground‐based Global Navigation Satellite Systems network Taiwan. The CTIDs emanated outward before typhoon landfall and lasted for more than 10 h. characteristics of agree with gravity wave theory exhibit spatial temporal scales periods ~8–30 min, horizontal wavelengths ~160–200 km, phase velocities ~106–220 m/s. We also...

Significance As an unforeseen windfall of its high sensitivity, the Day/Night Band (DNB) low-light visible sensor carried on Suomi satellite enables global detection gravity waves in upper atmosphere at unprecedented subkilometric detail. On moonless nights, observations provide all-weather viewing as they modulate nightglow layer located near mesopause. These are launched by a variety mechanisms ranging from orography to convection, intensifying fronts, and seismic volcanic events. Wave...

Abstract Using the Sounding of Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry temperature profiles from January 6 to 21 2022, we studied mesospheric gravity waves (GWs) associated with Tonga volcano eruption on 15. We observed that induced strong GWs in mesosphere. Detailed analysis shows there were amplitudes greater than 30 K (twice usual GWs) These have dominant vertical wavelengths 13.9–25.5 km and horizontal speeds 44–81 ms −1 , they intrinsic periods (momentum flux per unit mass) ∼2–5...

Abstract The Tonga volcano eruption of 15 January 2022 unleashed a variety atmospheric perturbations, coinciding with the recovery‐phase geomagnetic storm. ensuing thermospheric variations created rare display extreme poleward‐expanding conjugate plasma bubbles seen in rate total electron content index over 100–150°E, reaching ∼40°N geographic latitude. This is associated fluctuations FORMOSAT‐7/COSMIC‐2 (F7/C2) ion‐density measurements and spread‐F ionograms. Preceding to this, an unusually...

Abstract The Hunga Tonga Hunga‐Ha'apai (HTHH) volcanic eruption on 15 January 2022 injected water vapor and SO 2 into the stratosphere. Several months after eruption, significantly stronger westerlies, a weaker Brewer‐Dobson circulation developed in stratosphere of Southern Hemisphere were accompanied by unprecedented temperature anomalies mesosphere. In August 2022, Sounding Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) satellite instrument observed record‐breaking mesosphere that...

Gravity waves in the mesopause region (80–105 km) may induce perturbations OH Meinal Band emissions at ∼87 km. These can be observed by ground‐based airglow imagers. In this paper, we present observations of concentric gravity (CGW) all‐sky imager Yucca Ridge Field Station (40.7°N, 104.9°W) near Fort Collins, Colorado. We find that expanding rings were on 9 out 723 clear nights from 2003 to 2008. particular, 11 May 2004, for ∼1.5 h, with nearly perfect circular entirely field view during...

Using a convective plume model and ray trace model, we investigate the effects of winds on concentric rings gravity waves (GWs) excited from 11 May 2004, near Fort Collins, Colorado. We find that can shift apparent center at z = 87 km location. also critical level filtering (for GWs with small phase speeds propagating in same direction as wind) wave reflection high‐frequency horizontal wavelengths opposite to prevent many reaching OH airglow layer. Additionally, strong disrupt ring patterns,...

Abstract The first no‐gap OH airglow all‐sky imager network was established in northern China February 2012. is composed of six imagers that make observations gravity waves and cover an area about 2000 km east west 1400 south north. An unusual outbreak Concentric Gravity Wave (CGW) events were observed by the nearly every night during half August 2013. These coincidentally satellite sensors from Fengyun‐2 (FY‐2), Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS)/Aqua, Visible Imaging Radiometer Suite...

Elevated stratopause (ES) events occurring during Northern Hemisphere winter are identified in four climate simulations of the period 1953–2005 made with Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM). We find 68 ES 212 winters. These found winters when middle atmosphere is disturbed and there zonal wind reversals stratosphere at high latitudes. disturbances can be associated both major minor stratospheric sudden warming (SSWs). The occur under conditions where jet, gravity wave forcing,...

Abstract The global gravity wave (GW) potential energy (PE) per unit mass is derived from SABER (Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry) temperature profiles over past 14 years (2002–2015). Since data cover longer than one solar cycle, multivariate linear regression applied to calculate trend (means 2002 2015) GW PE and responses activity, QBO (quasi‐biennial oscillation) ENSO (El Niño–Southern Oscillation). We find a significant positive at around 50°N during July...

We report the first joint observations of convectively generated gravity waves (GWs) using an OH airglow imager in Colorado and Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) onboard Aqua satellite. Convective GWs, appearing as concentric rings, are observed over western Great Plain regions North America evening 3 June 2008 images. Inspecting both weather radars AIRS radiances at 8.1 µm, strong convective clouds found near center rings. The data 4.3 µm show semicircular GWs with horizontal wavelengths...

Abstract Two remarkable typhoon‐induced traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) with concentric and northwest‐southeast (NW‐SE) alignments, respectively, associated gravity waves (CGWs) ionosphere instabilities possibly seeded by CGWs, were observed in total electron content (TEC) derived from ground‐based Global Navigation Satellite System networks Taiwan Japan when the Category 5 Super Typhoon Nepartak approached on 7 July 2016. The TIDs (CTIDs) first appear horizontal phase velocities...

Abstract We analyze quiet‐time data from the Gravity Field and Ocean Circulation Explorer satellite as it overpassed Southern Andes at z ≃275 km on 5 July 2010 23 UT. extract 20 largest traveling atmospheric disturbances density perturbations cross‐track winds using Fourier analysis. Using gravity wave (GW) dissipative theory that includes realistic molecular viscosity, we search parameter space to determine which hot spot are GWs. This results in identification of 17 GWs having horizontal...

Abstract In the Southern Hemisphere (SH) polar region, satellite observations reveal a significant upper-mesosphere cooling and lower-thermosphere warming during warm ENSO events in December. An opposite pattern is observed tropical mesopause region. The agrees with climate model simulation. Analysis of simulation suggests that enhanced planetary wave (PW) dissipation Northern (NH) high-latitude stratosphere El Niño strengthens Brewer–Dobson circulation cools equatorial stratosphere. This...

Abstract We use Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model simulations made under various climate change scenarios to study the evolution of global‐mean temperature trend in late twentieth century and twenty‐first century. Results are compared with available satellite observations, including new estimates derived from Sounding using Broadband Emission Radiometry instrument on NASA's TIMED spacecraft. Modeled observed trends shown be consistent throughout entire middle atmosphere, near...

We examine characteristics of the seasonal variation thermospheric composition using column number density ratio ∑

Abstract The Starlink satellites launched on 3 February 2022 were lost before they fully arrived in their designated orbits. loss was attributed to two moderate geomagnetic storms that occurred consecutively 3–4 February. We investigate the thermospheric neutral mass density variation during these with Multiscale Atmosphere‐Geospace Environment (MAGE) model, a first‐principles, coupled geospace model. Simulated enhancements are validated by Swarm satellite measurements at altitude of 400–500...