Long-term asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals (LTA) usually have low viral load and immune activation. To discern whether or activation is dominant in determining progression to AIDS, we studied three exceptional LTA with high loads. HIV type 1 isolates from these were as pathogenic viruses progressors organ culture. Despite loads, had levels of proliferating activated T cells compared progressors, like other LTA. In contrast those HIV-specific CD4(+) T-cell...

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses cause severe infection in chickens at near complete mortality, but corresponding ducks is typically mild or asymptomatic. To understand the underlying molecular differences host response, primary chicken and duck lung cells, infected with two HPAI a low pathogenicity (LPAI) H2N3 virus, were subjected to RNA expression profiling. Chicken cells not showed highly elevated immune pro-inflammatory responses following virus infection. challenge...

Major distinctive features of avian lungs are the absence draining lymph nodes and alveoli alveolar macrophages (MPhs). However, a large network MPhs dendritic cells (DCs) is present in mucosa larger airways linings parabronchi. For modulation respiratory tract immune responses, for example, by vaccination, better understanding Ag uptake chicken needed. In this study, we provide detailed characterization APCs lungs, including their functional vivo activities as measured fluorescently labeled...

Avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) infects domestic fowl, resulting in respiratory disease and causing serious losses unprotected birds. Its control is mainly achieved by using live attenuated vaccines. Here we explored the possibilities for rationally attenuating IBV to improve our knowledge regarding function of accessory proteins development next-generation vaccines with recently established reverse genetic system H52 based on targeted RNA recombination selection...

Natural killer (NK) cells are key players in the innate immune response. They kill virus-infected and crucial for induction of adaptive responses. Marek’s disease virus (MDV) is a highly contagious alphaherpesvirus that causes deadly T cell lymphomas chickens. Host resistance to MDV associated with differences NK responses; however, exact role control remains unknown. In this study, we assessed if can infect alter their activation. Surprisingly, could demonstrate primary chicken very...

The leukocyte-associated Ig-like receptor-1 (LAIR-1) is capable of inhibiting immune cell function through interaction with collagens. LAIR expressed on the majority peripheral blood mononuclear cells. abundant expression both receptor and ligand calls for regulatory mechanisms to relieve continuous between collagens LAIR-1. This regulation may occur at level receptor. Here, we report that LAIR-1 indeed differentially during human T differentiation. Naive CD4(+) CD8(+) cells as well effector...

Piglets are susceptible to infections in early life and around weaning due rapid environmental dietary changes. A compelling target improve pig health is diet, as it constitutes a pivotal determinant of gut microbial colonization maturation the host’s immune system. In present study, we investigated how supplementation yeast-derived β-glucans affects microbiota function pre- post-weaning, these complex systems develop over time. From day two after birth until weeks weaning, piglets received...

This study addressed the impact of early and later life environmental enrichment, their combination, on specific antibody responses peripheral blood leukocyte subpopulations in pigs. Pigs were kept either barren (B1) or enriched (E1) housing from birth, half pigs switched to day 47, resulting four treatment combinations: B1B2, B1E2, E1B2, E1E2). immunized with keyhole limpet hemocyanin-conjugated trinitrophenyl (KLH-TNP) 74 109 induce primary secondary responses. Blood samples taken weekly...

Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis (SE) is a zoonotic pathogen which causes foodborne diseases in humans as well severe disease symptoms young chickens. More insight innate and adaptive immune responses of chickens to SE infection needed understand elimination SE. Seven-day-old broiler were experimentally challenged with numbers responsiveness cells antibody titers assessed. was observed the ileum spleen SE-infected at 7 days post-infection (dpi). At 1 dpi intraepithelial cytotoxic...

BackgroundSince cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection can cause serious clinical complications in immunocompromised individuals, we assessed cellular immune requirements for protection against CMV end-organ disease (CMV-EOD) human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) MethodsLongitudinal samples from HIV-1–infected patients the Amsterdam cohort were analyzed. Dynamics of CMV-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses analyzed by 4-color fluorescence analysis using major histocompatibility class I...

Infection of chickens with low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) virus results in mild clinical signs while infection highly pathogenic (HPAI) viruses causes death the birds within 36-48 hours. Since natural killer (NK) cells have been shown to play an important role influenza-specific immunity, we hypothesise that NK are involved this difference pathogenicity. To investigate this, chicken NK-cells LPAI was studied. Next activation lung upon HPAI analysed. a H9N2 resulted presence viral...

Studies in mammals, including chickens, have shown that the development of immune system is affected by interactions with intestinal microbiota. Early life microbial colonization may affect innate and adaptive immunity contribute to lasting effects on health resilience broiler chickens. We inoculated chickens adult-derived-microbiota (AM) investigate their microbiota composition natural killer (NK) cells, amongst other cells. hypothesized AM inoculation directly upon hatch (day 0) would...

Research in chickens has been fundamental for the discovery of basic aspects immune system and led to an interest in-depth characterization avian cell types including dendritic cells (DCs). The vitro generation expansion chicken bone marrow-derived (chBMDCs) presence GM-CSF provided a way study DCs, which are only present at limited numbers vivo. This method employed interactions between DCs pathogens or vaccines. However, detailed chBMDC culture was still lacking. In study, we performed...

Early in life and particularly around weaning, piglets are susceptible to infections because of abrupt social, environmental, dietary changes. Dietary interventions with probiotic bacteria have gained popularity the increased awareness direct link between diet health. In this study, received strain Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) or a control treatment perorally from day 2 after birth until weeks post-weaning. To investigate spatio-temporal effects EcN on gut microbiota composition,...

Leukocyte-associated Ig-like receptor-1 (LAIR-1) is a cell-surface molecule that functions as an inhibitory receptor on various immune cells. We developed mAbs to study the expression of mouse leukocyte-associated (mLAIR-1) primary cells and established it expressed majority system, including T cells, NK monocytes dendritic Furthermore, mLAIR-1 inducibly blood granulocytes in vivo differentially upon cell activation vitro. Unexpectedly, was not splenic B220(+) B Similar its human homolog,...

Avian influenza virus (AIV) infection is a continuing threat to both humans and poultry. Influenza specific CD8+ T cells are associated with protection against homologous heterologous strains. In contrast what has been described for mice, knowledge on epitope-specific in chickens limited. Therefore, we set out identify AIV-specific T-cell epitopes. Epitope predictions based anchor residues resulted 33 candidate MHC I inbred were infected low pathogenic AIV strain sacrificed at 5, 7, 10 14...

Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV), an emerging avian pathogenic flavivirus, causes severe neurological disorders and acute egg drop syndrome in ducks. Currently, several clusters of DTMUV exhibiting significant antigenic variation are circulating Asia with distinct geographical distributions. Therefore, developing vaccines based on specific to regions is essential. To generate effective inactivated vaccine, the inactivation procedure must be optimized for each strain. However, no information...

It has been reported that antiretroviral therapy (HAART) during acute HIV-1 infection may rescue HIV-1-specific CD4 T cell responses.To determine the duration of this preserved response by investigating long-term effects HAART on HIV-specific function related to possible immune control subsequent interruption.A longitudinal analysis followed reactivity in 17 individuals with well-documented where five out 11 HAART-treated patients stopped and six were untreated. Peripheral blood mononuclear...