The Drosophila circadian clock consists of integrated autoregulatory feedback loops, making the difficult to elucidate without comprehensively identifying network components in vivo. Previous studies have adopted genome-wide screening for clock-controlled genes using high-density oligonucleotide arrays that identified hundreds genes. In an attempt identify core among these candidates, we applied functional RNA interference (RNAi) system Here report identification novel gene candidates...

Sleep behaviors are observed even in nematodes and arthropods, yet little is known about how sleep-regulatory mechanisms have emerged during evolution. Here, we report a sleep-like state the cnidarian Hydra vulgaris with primitive nervous organization. sleep was shaped by homeostasis necessary for cell proliferation, but it lacked free-running circadian rhythms. Instead, detected 4-hour rhythms that might be generated ultradian oscillators underlying sleep. Microarray analysis sleep-deprived...

Heterozygous mutations of COL2A1 create several clinical entities collectively termed type II collagenopathies. These disorders not only impair skeletal growth but also cause ocular and otolaryngological abnormalities. The classical phenotypes include the spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia (SED) spectrum with variable severity, Stickler I (STD-I), Kniest (KND). Most occur in triple helical region alpha 1(II) chains: SED is mostly attributed to missense that substitute bulky amino acids for glycine...

In traumatic brain injury (TBI), the initial phase is followed by a secondary that contributes to neurodegeneration, yet mechanisms leading neuropathology in vivo remain be elucidated. To address this question, we developed Drosophila head-specific model for TBI termed Closed Head Injury (dCHI), where well-controlled, nonpenetrating strikes are delivered head of unanesthetized flies. This assay recapitulates many phenotypes, including increased mortality, impaired motor control, fragmented...

Prox1 plays pivotal roles during embryonic lymphatic development and maintenance of adult systems by modulating the expression various endothelial cell (LEC) markers, such as vascular growth factor receptor 3 (VEGFR3). However, molecular mechanisms which transactivates its target genes remain largely unknown. Here, we identified Ets-2 a candidate molecule that regulates functions Prox1. Whereas has been implicated in angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis have not yet elucidated. We found...

Animals exhibit circadian rhythms with a period of approximately 24 h in various physiological functions, including locomotor activity. This rhythm is controlled by an endogenous oscillatory mechanism, or clock, which consists cyclically expressed clock genes and their product proteins. cryptochrome (cry) are thought to be involved the functions have been examined extensively holometabolous insects, but hemimetabolous insects role less well understood. In present study, cry was investigated...

The symbiotic hydra Hydra viridissima has a stable relationship with the green alga Chlorella. This appears to cospeciate alga, and some strains are known have strain-specific host/symbiont combinations. To investigate mechanism of specificity between host symbiont, we explored effect removal or exchange symbionts in two distantly related H. (K10 M9). In K10 strain, severe morphological behavioural changes were found symbiont-removed symbiont-exchanged polyps. Interestingly, both polyps...

Abstract Background Sleep is a conserved physiological phenomenon across species. It mainly controlled by two processes: circadian clock that regulates the timing of sleep and homeostat drive. Even cnidarians, such as Hydra jellyfish, which lack brain, display sleep-like states. However, manner in environmental cues affect states these organisms remains unknown. In present study, we investigated effects light temperature cycles on state vulgaris . Results Our findings indicate responds to...

Little is known about molecular mechanisms that control the Drosophila circadian clock beyond transcriptional–translational feedback regulation of genes as an intracellular process. In this study, Early gene at 23 (E23) was identified a novel encodes membrane-bound ABC transporter induced by molting hormone ecdysone. E23 expresses in pacemaker neurons fly head, and its knockdown flies lengthened period with increased expression vrille. vrille responded to both ecdysone signals, whereas...

Objectives Just-in-time training (JITT) is a method of simulation-based where the occurs within clinical environment in concise manner. has shown effects at learner, patient, and system-wide levels. We evaluated JITT curriculum for procedures intraosseous (IO) needle placement defibrillator use pediatric emergency department (ED) by comparing trainees' comfort level performing those independently (Kirkpatrick 2a) knowledge procedures/equipment 2b) before after JITT. Methods The study...

Enzyme-free cloning (EFC) can rapidly produce an in-frame fusion gene with multiple fragments. To practically apply EFC, we investigated the extent and sequence of complementary staggered overhangs necessary to direct self-assembly fragments as well a size limitation constructed DNA molecule. Six-base pair 50% GC content were sufficient self-assembly. A functional plasmid that exceeded 10 kb, which includes domain, was efficiently from four PCR in one step by our improved method.

Day–night behavioral variation is observed in most organisms, and generally controlled by circadian clocks and/or synchronization to environmental cues. Hydra species, which are freshwater cnidarians, thought lack the core clock genes that form transcription–translation feedback loops systems. In this study, we examined whether hydras exhibit diel rhythms terms of behavior gene expression levels without typical genes. We found total was elevated during day decreased at night under a 12-h...

To maintain homeostasis, animals must ingest appropriate quantities, determined by their internal nutritional state, of suitable nutrients. In the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, an amino acid deficit induces a specific appetite for acids and thus results in increased consumption. Although multiple processes physiology, metabolism, behavior are under circadian control many organisms, it is unclear whether clock also modulates such motivated driven need. Differences levels consumption...

Abstract The efficacy of sterile insect technique (SIT) depends on successful mating released males with wild females. If the time in a day mass-reared and differs from those females, efficiency SIT decreases. Therefore, understanding molecular mechanisms controlling target pests is particularly important for SIT. period (per) gene, which has been considered as key clock gene melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tephritidae), was cloned two strains having different times...

Taste sensitivity to sugars plays an essential role in the initiation of feeding behavior.In Drosophila melanogaster, recent studies have identified several gustatory receptor (Gr) genes required for sensing sweet compounds.However, it is as yet undetermined how these GRs function taste receptors tuned a wide range sugars.Among sugars, fructose has been suggested be detected by distinct from other sugars.While GR43A reported sense brain, not expressed labellar neurons that show response...

Abstract Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (MED) is among the most genetically heterogeneous skeletal dysplasias. Six genes involved in MED, COMP , MATN3 COL9A1 COL9A2 COL9A3 and DTDST have been identified; however, presence of additional disease has reported, detection rate for mutations known accounts no more than 50% patients with MED Western populations. Here, we screened six 35 consecutive Japanese patients. We analyzed entire coding region each gene, along flanking intron–exon junctions,...

Separable diastereomeric cis-l-menthyl 2-phenyl-3-aziridinecarboxylates (4 and 5) were prepared by the Gabriel reaction. N-Acylation with p-nitrobenzoyl chloride or p-anisoyl of 4 5 gives 7 8, 23 24, respectively. Sodium iodide-catalyzed rearrangement N-acylated aziridines is regiospecific exclusive attack at C-2 from 8 obtained chiral 2-oxazolines cis-9 trans-10 in a ratio 30:70 together unsaturated amide 11. The structure latter was proven independent synthesis. intermediate l-menthyl...

In Drosophila, CLOCK/CYCLE heterodimer (CLK/CYC) is the primary activator of circadian clock genes that contain E-box sequence in their promoter regions (hereafter referred to as "E-box genes"). Although extensive studies have investigated feedback regulation genes, little known regarding other factors acting with CLK/CYC. Here we show Drosophila C-terminal binding protein (dCtBP), a transcriptional co-factor, involved genes. vivo overexpression dCtBP cells lengthened or abolished locomotor...

Abstract In traumatic brain injury (TBI) the initial phase is followed by a secondary that contributes to neurodegeneration. Yet mechanisms leading neuropathology in vivo remain be elucidated. To address this question, we developed Drosophila head-specific model for TBI, which term Closed Head Injury (dCHI), where well-controlled, non-penetrating strikes are directly delivered head of unanesthetized flies. This assay recapitulates many TBI phenotypes, including increased mortality, impaired...