Dormant one—year—old twigs of about 70 tree species were collected during mid—winter from five regions in North America (Rocky and Western Mountain, Northern, Pacific Coast, Southeastern Central Eastern Lowlands). The artificially hardened a regime sub—freezing temperatures between —3 degrees C —10 for 24 days to induce maximum freezing resistance. Four Northern species, Populus tremuloides, balsamifera, Betula papyrifera Larix laricina had the greatest resistance tested. They resisted —80...

The liquid-glass transition dynamics of the molecular glass Salol has been studied by light-scattering spectroscopy from 383 to 198 K. Analysis wide-frequency-range composite spectra revealed relaxation 0.2 GHz 3.5 THz. A two-step process was observed near crossover temperature ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$\ensuremath{\sim}256 K which is about 40 above glass-transition ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{g}}$. \ensuremath{\beta}-relaxation well described scaling predictions mode-coupling theory in both...

This article presents a high-performance annealing processor named STochAsTIc Cellular automata Annealer (STATICA) for solving combinatorial optimization problems represented by fully connected graphs. Supporting graphs is strongly required dealing with realistic problems. Unlike previous processors that follow Glauber dynamics, our proposed annealer can update multiple states of spins simultaneously introducing different dynamics called stochastic cellular annealing. It allows us to utilize...

A simplified method for the isolation of a plasma membrane-enriched fraction from plants utilizing an aqueous two-polymer phase system is outlined. Mainly, plant used was Orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata L.). The two-phase consisted 5.6% (w/w) dextran T500 and polyethyleneglycol 4000 in 0.5 molar sorbitol-15 millimolar Tris-maleate (pH 7.3), 30 NaCl. In this system, membranes other were preferentially partitioned into top lower phase, respectively. purity isolated membrane sufficiently high...

Maximal resistance to winter freezing of trees the South Temperature Zone, especially subalpine Australasia, was assessed. Most tree species which grow in lower altitudes were marginally hardy —10°. Subalpine and alpine shrubby such as Podocarpus nivalis, P. lawrencei Dacrydium bidwillii hardiest conifers New Zealand Australia, resisting —20° —23°. This hardiness comparable that native warm temperate or parts Japan. In Nothofagus, deciduous, N. antarctica America hardiest, at —22°. A...

The effect of temperature on hardening was studied at temperatures ranging from 0 degrees to -20 using twigs willow and poplar. In October in late April when the are not very frost hardy, produced a considerable increase their hardiness, although effectiveness decreased with decrease environmental temperature. which could withstand continuous freezing without injury, -3 -5 most effective increasing hardiness twigs. Below , only negligible observed either or sugar content.The rate starch...

In 1966—67 in the eastern part of Hokkaido, where severe cold weather and a dry state prevailed throughout winter, most young conifers, especially those wintering on southern slopes, were seriously damaged. Minimum temperature was about —30°C, soil at 10—cm depth even slopes remained below zero for 3.5 months. Soil frozen down to 40 cm. Temperatures stems leaves conifers northern rose 17° 9°C, respectively, midday unfrozen 6 2 hr, daytime. Under these conditions, intensely dehydrated towards...

Freezing resistance studies were carried out on Salix sachalinensis (northern Japan), S. Sieboldiana (southwestern babylonica (Japan proper and Hachijo Island), caerulea (Lahore, Pakistan), tetrasperma (Singapore Quetta, bonplandiana (Mexico City), safsaf (Cairo). Twigs of the tenderest willows (S. Sieboldiana) wintering in southwestern part Japan resisted freezing to about —15°C, but when hardened at —3°C for 14 days Sapporo, they °50°C. After growing Sapporo Japan) 1 year, these twigs...

It has been reported (5, 6, 7) that twigs of woody plants from which almost all the freezable water in cells previously withdrawn by sufficient extracellular freezing can survive immersion liquid nitrogen or helium (8), and if living materials withstand at temperatures below -30?, they are able to extremely low with prefreezing method. In addition, prefrozen percentage survival is very little affected rates cooling rewarming super-low this These findings suggest there a definite temperature...

Combinatorial optimization problems ubiquitously appear in AI applications, e.g. machine learning, operational planning, drug discovery, etc. Yet, their NP-hardness makes them notoriously difficult to solve on present computers. To address this problem, new hardware architectures [1, 4], called annealers, have emerged recent years. Annealers exploit the fact that combinatorial can be mapped ground state search of an Ising model, where combination N spins (σ- ∈ f-1}. x=1, ...,N) with lowest...

Excised winter buds of very hardy fir supercooled to —30 or — 35°C, though primordial shoots excised from these (freezing point: about —5.5°C) only —12 14°C. Also, did not tolerate freezing, but were rather resistant desiccation. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) revealed that the capability supercooling increased with decreasing water content and no exotherm could be detected in a below 20%. When whole cooled slowly, temperature shifted markedly lower value became much smaller. masses...

Phospholipids from poplar bark were fractionated into 6 components using column chromatography on silicic acid. These identified as phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylglycerol and two unidentified components. Major phospholipids in the phosphatidylcholine phosphatidylethanolamine. Their contents inversely related to environmental temperature; showing a remarkable increase at 0°C. But, triglyceride content decreased rapidly In our experiments,...

The survival rates of the cortical parenchymal cells mulberry tree were determined as a function cooling and rewarming rates. When was carried out slowly at 1 degrees to 15 per minute, all still remained viable even when rewarmed either rapidly or slowly. Survival gradually decreased zero rate increased from about 2000 minute. In intermediate rates, cooled lower than 14 -2.2 -10 , these could survive subsequent rapid rewarming.However, above 1000 minute with rewarming, effect reversed...

Excised florets of some hardy Rhododendron species did not tolerate freezing at −5°C when ice-inoculated due to intracellular freezing. Florets in intact December buds, however, could be supercooled about −30°C. When flower buds R. japonicum were slowly cooled with daily decrements 5°C temperatures ranging from 0 −20°C, the exotherm drastically decreased. This was accompanied by a decrease water content and peduncle an increase that scales. The is thought migrate scales other tissues during...

Abstract A study was designed to develop a routine method for long-term preservation of hardy fruit buds in liquid nitrogen. In shoots apple ( Malus domestica Borkh.) prefrozen at the temperatures ranging from −30 −50°C, little or no injury observed leaf and cortex after immersion nitrogen with subsequent slow rewarming 0°C. When immersed 2 hours prefreezing −40° were grafted on two-year-old seedlings, most developed normally continued their shoot growth. Recently, it confirmed that 23...

A striking degradation of phosphatidylcholine into phosphatidic acid was observed in the cortical tissues less hardy poplar (Poplus euramericani cv. gelrica), when were frozen below a lethal temperature. No change phospholipids detected during freezing or even after thawing which survived slow to -30 C immersion liquid N(2) prefreezing -50 C. The appears be intimately associated with injury.