Middle and Upper Pleistocene bone accumulations in caves of the Bohemian Karst, Czech Republic, are newly classified as several types hyena dens or deposits, cave bear dens.This new taphonomical paleoecological interpretation localities that have been known for decades is based on revision available collections, additional field observations at existing localities, comparisons with recent spotted hyenas.The thousands bones from this region, including about seven hundred remains, strongly...

Punctured extinct cave bear femora were misidentified in southeastern Europe (Hungary/Slovenia) as ‘Palaeolithic bone flutes’ and the ‘oldest Neanderthal instruments’. These are not instruments, nor human made, but products of most important scavengers Europe, hyenas. Late Middle to Pleistocene (Mousterian Gravettian) Ice Age spotted hyenas occupied mainly entrances dens (communal/cub raising den types), went deeper for scavenging into dens, or used a few cases branches/diagonal shafts (i.e....

Abstract Remains of 13 individuals with 3/1 male/female ratio the extinct Upper Pleistocene lion Panthera leo spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810) from Zoolithen Cave near Burggeilenreuth (Bavaria, Germany) include holotype skull and all paratype material. The highest mortality rate for lions is in their reproductive adult ages. Bite marks on bones or skulls are results hyena activities, rare cannibalism under stress situations. Lions were possibly also killed battles cave bears during predation...

Late Pleistocene spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta spelaea (Goldfuss, 1823) and steppe lion Panthera leo 1810) were top predators in Central Europe. The fossil record (2.303 hyena/1.373 bones = ratio 3/1) from 106 cave open air sites demonstrates comparable associations to modern African hyenas/lions resulting competition about prey territory. Cannibalism within extinct hyenas is well documented, including two individual skeletons. Those produced bone accumulations at dens. Feeding...

The rediscovered holotype skulls of Late Pleistocene Panthera leo spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810) (Felidae) and Crocuta crocuta 1823) (Hyaenidae) from the Zoolithen Cave at Burggeilenreuth, southern Germany, are discussed. cave became famous mainly due to its rich bear bone remains late Saalian (OIS 6–8) Eemian/Weichselian 3–6) including additionally a third Ursus spelaeus Rosenmüller, 1794 (Ursidae). 'Felis spelaea' represents an adult male with strong bite mark on saggital crest, which was in...

Abstract Upper Pleistocene remains of the Ice Age steppe lion Panthera leo spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810) have been found in Perick Caves, Sauerland Karst, NW Germany. Bones from many hyenas and their imported prey dating Lower to Middle Weichselian also recovered Cave hyena den. These are commonly cracked or exhibit deep chew marks. The absence cub bones, contrast cave bear other caves northern Germany, excludes possibility that P. used for raising cubs. Only Wilhelms was a single skeleton...

A systematically excavated track site in a 243.5 Myr old Middle Triassic (Karlstadt Formation, Pelsonian, middle Anisian) intertidal carbonate mud-flat palaeoenvironment at Bernburg (Saxony-Anhalt, central Germany) has revealed extensive horseshoe crab trackways attributable to the KouphichniumNopsca, 1923 ichnogenus. The exposed bed of Germanic Basin-wide spanned megatrack is mud-cracked biolaminate surface on which detailed tracks have been preserved because rapid drying and cementation as...

The Upper Rhine Valley (SW Germany, Europe) has delivered 20,000 Late Pleistocene megafaunal remains found at gravel pit sites in the past decades and only 0.1% carnivore including a nearly complete lion skeleton of small male Panthera leo spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810) also parts two more grown-up to even older males from different localities, such as additional isolated bones. Less than 1% bone material belongs adolescent animals; cub is completely absent. was compared with many caves few...

Abstract Remains from at least seven individuals of the Late Pleistocene Ice Age spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta spelaea (Goldfuss, 1823) Teufelskammer Cave in Neandertal valley (North Rhine-Westphalia, northwest Germany) are described. The small cave was a well-frequented den Early to Middle which only 100 m famous Feldhofer Cave, where first human skeleton found. high amount bone material (37%) and its strongly chewed incomplete prey remains mixed mammoth steppe boreal forest megafauna prove...

A Late Pleistocene spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta spelaea (Goldfuss 1823) population from the cave bear den Sloup Cave, Moravia (Czech Republic) consists of mainly adult/senior and few cub/juvenile remains coprolites, 139 prey bones. Hyenas used Nicová Cave branch that is connected to entrance area as a communal site. Prey bone damage most visible on imported woolly rhinoceros remains. The partly excavated accumulation single mammoth Mammuthus primigenius (Blumenbach 1799) tooth (2%),...

Historical finds of bone remains Panthera leo spelaea (Goldfuss) from the Upper Pleistocene loess open air site at Praha-Podbaba (Czech Republic) are reviewed.The largely complete cranium Central Bohemia and other sites in Czech Republic also described.The proportions cranial postcranial material Podbaba indicate them to have come an adult male lion carcass.One foreleg lower jaw belonged female as evidenced by their much smaller proportions.A few additional bones were found pits around Praha...

Pleistocene remains of Panthera leo spelaea (Goldfuss 1810) from Balve Cave (Sauerland Karst, NW-Germany), one the most famous Middle Palaeolithic Neandertalian cave sites in Europe, and also a hyena bear den, belong to important felid Sauerland Karst. The stratigraphy, macrofaunal assemblages stone artefacts range final Saalian (late Pleistocene, Acheuléen) over (Micoquien/Moustérien), (Magdalénien) Weichselian (Upper Pleistocene). Most lion bones can be identified as early middle Upper...