Our study contributes to the understanding of key drivers stunted growth, a factor widely recognized as major impediment human capital development. Specifically, we examine effects sanitation coverage and usage on child height for age in semi-urban setting Northern India. Although – broadly defined hygienic means promoting health through prevention contact with hazards wastes, particularly waste has long been acknowledged an indispensable element disease primary care programmes, large number...

Abstract Financial inclusion is known to be relevant for improving the growth perspectives of microbusinesses. This research has three aims. First, explore how adopting business practices can impact usage financial products and services these firms. Second, determine if higher levels microbusinesses’ formalization mediate impact. Third, establish there are differences according gender education level. A structural equation model was estimated test hypotheses while considering potential...

Like most of the world, low- and middle-income countries have faced a growing demand for new health technologies higher budget constraints. It is necessary to technical instruments make decisions based on real-world evidence that allows maximization population's with limited budget. We estimated supply-based cost-effectiveness elasticity, which was then used determine threshold healthcare system Colombia, country where multiple insurers, paid under capitation rules, manage compulsory...

<h3>Abstract</h3> Violence affects households' preferences, perceptions, and constraints regarding fertility choices. What happens when violence ends? Using administrative data from Colombia, we find that the end of a long internal conflict differentially increased by 3.2 percent in areas exposed to violence. The effect is present across all reproductive ages larger municipalities with higher levels exposure at baseline. This differential increase not driven health supply indicators,...

Abstract The negative impact of health‐related out‐of‐pocket (OOP) payments is a well‐known problem in low and middle‐income countries (LMICs). Cross‐sectional analysis reveals that households use different coping mechanisms to mitigate or overcome the effect OOP payments, but little known from longitudinal perspective. We explore this link using panel data for Colombia, Mexico, India, Malawi, Nigeria, Uganda, Tanzania. Using fixed‐effect model, we computed association between...

Objective To estimate Diabetes mellitus (DM) progression at one and two years in terms of glycemic targets development complications. Research design methods We analyzed a retrospective cohort adult DM patients treated Health Maintenance Organization Colombia, including those with least glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) measurement 2018, 2019, 2020. defined four disease transition stages based on metabolic goals according to HbA1c levels complications: 1. Within without complications; 2....

Background Studies in high-income countries have documented a consistent gradient between socio-economic status (SES) and high blood pressure (HBP), key risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, evidence from Latin American (LA) remains comparatively scarce inconclusive. Data 3,984 individuals came nationally representative survey of aged 60 years or above Colombia (Encuesta de Salud, Bienestar y Envejecimiento) (SABE) conducted 2015. SES was measured by educational achievement...

Abstract Background The negative association between income inequality and health has been known in the literature as Income Inequality Hypothesis (IIH). Despite multiple studies examining validity of this hypothesis, evidence is still inconclusive, debate remains unsolved. In addition, relatively few have focused their attention on developing or emerging economies, where levels tend to be highest world. This work examines statistical self-rated status Colombia, a highly unequal Latin...

In recent decades, policy initiatives involving increases in the tobacco tax have increased pressure on budget allocations poor households. this study, we examine issue context of expansion social welfare state that has taken place over last two decades several emerging economies. This study explores case Colombia between 1997 and 2011. period, share poorest expenditure quintile devoted to products smokers’ households doubled. We analyse differences richest quintiles concerning changes...

Abstract This paper uses primary micro-data from Indian households residing in rural villages and poor urban neighbourhoods to shed light on household sanitation decision-making. We use a theoretical economic model reduce the dimensionality complexity of this process. Beyond most commonly analysed motivator, health, we consider non-pecuniary benefits. provide empirical evidence that each these margins matter, do so both contexts, discuss how our findings can be explored policy programme design.

Socioeconomic inequalities in the detection and treatment of non-communicable diseases represent a challenge for healthcare systems middle-income countries (MICs) context population ageing. This is particularly pressing regarding hypertension due to its increasing prevalence among older individuals MICs, especially those with lower socioeconomic status (SES). Using comparative data China, Colombia, Ghana, India, Mexico, Russia South Africa, we systematically assess association between SES,...

Background Tobacco prevalence in Colombia is small compared with other Latin America despite the nation’s tobacco taxes being among lowest region. However, have increased several times during last decade, and large increases 2010 2016 impacted consumer prices. Objective This paper aims to estimate price smoking participation elasticity (PPE) Colombia, specific reference regional prices after tax policy changes. Methods The PPE computed using logistic regression based on individual-level data...

Epidemics tend to have a debilitating influence on the lives of directly afflicted families. However, presence an epidemic can also change behaviour and outcomes those not affected. This paper makes use short, sharp, unexpected examine behavioural response public sudden shift in perceived risk one’s health mortality. Our analysis finds that unafflicted school students their substantially, affecting important life outcomes. In particular, we find between 1.9 4.7 fewer students, out typical...

This paper measures the additional value of sanitation within marriage arrangement. We use data from Indian human development household survey (IHDS) to model marital decisions men and women in rural India estimate surplus (the gains being married). demonstrate that government's Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) increased changed market outcomes for women. Decomposition reveals (i) makes it more attractive be a both gender, (ii) TSC exposure led decrease wife's share, implying redistribution marriage.

Poor sanitation is an important policy issue facing India, which accounts for over half of the 1.1 billion people worldwide that defecate in open [JMP, 2012].Achieving global targets, and reducing social economic costs defecation, therefore requires eectively extending services to India's citizens.The Indian Government has shown strong commitment improving sanitation.However, uptake usage safe remains low: almost 50% households do not have access a private or public latrine (2011...