Background Two parallel and interacting processes are said to underlie animal behavior, whereby learning performance of a behavior is at first via conscious deliberate (goal-directed) processes, but after initial acquisition, the can become automatic stimulus-elicited (habitual). With respect instrumental behaviors, studies suggest that duration training action-outcome contingency two factors involved in emergence habitual seeking “natural” reinforcers (e.g., sweet solutions, food or sucrose...

Effects of cue exposure and alcohol consumption (e.g., priming doses) on craving for have been examined in largely separate literature, limiting what is known about their potential interaction. Individuals with low sensitivity, a risk factor use disorder (AUD), exhibit stronger cue-elicited than higher-sensitivity (HS) peers both laboratory real-world contexts. Here, underage drinkers (

Neural measures of alcohol cue incentive salience have been associated with retrospective reports riskier use behaviour and subjective response profiles. This study tested whether the P3 event-related potential (ERP) elicited by alcohol-related cues (ACR-P3) can forecast craving during real-world drinking episodes. Participants (N = 262; M

Introduction Lower sensitivity (LS) to acute alcohol promotes hazardous use, increasing risk for use disorder (AUD). Compared peers with high (HS), LS individuals exhibit amplified responses cues and difficulty exerting inhibitory control (IC) over those cued responses. However, it is unclear whether HS differ in neural or behavioral when IC affectively neutral prepotent (i.e., domain-general IC). This fMRI pilot study examined its correlates young adult individuals. Methods Participants ( N...

Abstract Prior research has supported some aspects of a theorized prejudice self-regulation model. We provide the first test full model-based process bias regulation as it unfolds in real time. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded from White undergraduates at two large American universities (N = 130; 40% female) during racial stereotype priming task. Attention to Black male face primes, indexed by P2 ERP, increased following failures. In turn, within-person, trial-to-trial...

Conditioned responses to alcohol-associated cues can hinder recovery from alcohol use disorder (AUD). Cue exposure (extinction) therapy (CET) reduce reactivity cues, but its efficacy is limited by phenomena such as spontaneous and reinstatement that cause a return of conditioned responding after extinction. Using preclinical model cue in rats, we evaluated whether the CET could be improved conducting during memory reconsolidation window retrieval cue-alcohol associations.Rats were provided...

This study used a behavioral approach-avoidance task including images of alcoholic beverages to test whether low sensitivity alcohol (LS) is phenotypical marker dispositional propensity attribute bottom-up incentive value naturally conditioned cues.Experimental with measured individual difference variable at university psychology laboratory in Missouri, MO, USA. Participants were 178 emerging adults (aged 18-20 years) varying self-reported alcohol's acute effects.Participants completed the...

Abstract Background and aims In susceptible individuals, cues associated with drug use are theorized to take on incentive–motivational properties, including the ability reinforce higher‐order, drug‐related associative learning. This study aimed test this prediction among people varying in risk for alcohol disorder. Design, setting participants Repeated‐measures experiment a measured individual difference variable at University psychology laboratory Missouri, USA. One hundred six young adults...

Abstract Addiction researchers are interested in the ability of neural signals, like P3 component ERP, to index individual differences liability factors motivational reactivity alcohol/drug cues. The reliability these measures directly impacts their differences, yet little attention has been paid psychometric properties. present study fills this gap by examining within‐session internal consistency (ICR) and between‐session test–retest (TRR) amplitude elicited images alcoholic beverages...

Low sensitivity (LS) to alcohol is a risk factor for use disorder (AUD). Compared peers with high (HS), LS individuals drink more, report more problems, and exhibit potentiated cue reactivity (ACR). Heightened ACR suggests confers AUD via incentive sensitization, which thought take place in the mesocorticolimbic system. This study examined neural HS individuals. Young adults (N=32, Mage=20.3) were recruited based on Alcohol Sensitivity Questionnaire (HS: n=16; LS: 9 females/group)....

The present study examined the acute effect of alcohol and its cues on autonomic cardiovascular physiology, as indexed by changes in heart rate (HR), a relatively large sample healthy young adult men women. Participants (27-31 years old, final N = 145) were administered an alcoholic beverage (n 88; 52 women) or placebo 57; 35 simulated bar. Target breath concentration (BrAC) was .08 g%. HR recorded while participants seated alone during initial baseline assessment lab room; with others...

Previous research suggests the amplitude of P3 event-related potential (ERP) response reflects incentive value eliciting stimulus, and that individuals with trait-like lower sensitivity (LS) to acute effects alcohol, a potent risk factor for alcohol use disorder (AUD), tend show exaggerated ERP responses beverage cues (compared their peers higher sensitivity; HS). No prior has examined trajectories cue-elicited across repeated trials nonreinforced cue presentations. Characterizing these can...

Abstract Study Objectives Anecdotally, adults reach higher levels of subjective intoxication on days they are fatigued or sleep-deprived, but sleep is not typically discussed as a predictor blood alcohol concentration (BAC) in clinical settings. To inform work and future research, this perspective reviews data examining the impact (process S) circadian C) factors indicators BAC humans animal models. Methods Literature searches medical psychological databases were conducted to identify...

Abstract The response to drugs of abuse is a combination aversive and reinforcing reactions. While much known about the role dopamine in mammalian drug reinforcement, we know little brain circuits mediating aversion. Here show that two distinct dopaminergic mediate acute responses alcohol consumption Drosophila . Protocerebral anterior medial neurons projecting mushroom bodies are required for flies acquire preference. Conversely, bilateral pair dorsal fan-shaped body (dFSB) mediates...

To examine the acute effects of alcohol on working memory (WM) updating, including potential variation across ascending limb (AL) and descending (DL) blood concentration (BAC) time-course.

Abstract Introduction The Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives (WISDM-68) is a 68-item questionnaire to assess nicotine dependence as multifactorial construct based on 13 theoretically derived smoking motives. Chronic associated with structural changes in brain regions implicated the maintenance behavior; however, associations between morphometry and various reinforcing components behavior remain unexamined. present study investigated potential association motives regional...

Abstract Background Behavioral economic theory suggests that the value of alcohol depends upon elements choice context, such increasing constraints on alternatives (e.g., price) or benefits social context) may result in greater likelihood heavy drinking. The P3 event‐related potential elicited by alcohol‐related cues, a proposed marker incentive salience, be an electrophysiological parallel for behavioral demand. However, these indices have not been connected prior research, and studies...