According to the aerobic capacity model, endothermy in birds and mammals evolved as a correlated response selection for an ability of sustained locomotor activity, rather than direct thermoregulatory capabilities. A key assumption model is that functionally linked basal metabolic rate (BMR). The has been tested several studies at level phenotypic variation among individuals or species, but none provided clear answer whether traits are genetically correlated. Here we present results genetic...

A major theme in evolutionary and ecological physiology of terrestrial vertebrates encompasses the factors underlying evolution endothermy birds mammals interspecific variation basal metabolic rate (BMR). Here, we applied experimental approach compared BMR lines a wild rodent, bank vole (Myodes glareolus), selected for 11 generations for: high swim-induced aerobic metabolism (A), ability to maintain body mass on low-quality herbivorous diet (H) intensity predatory behaviour towards crickets...

Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is a fundamental energetic trait and has been measured in hundreds of birds mammals. Nevertheless, little known about the consistency population–average BMR or its repeatability at level individual variation. Here, we report that average mass–independent did not differ between two generations bank voles trials separated by one month. Individual differences were highly repeatable across month interval: coefficient intraclass correlation was 0.70 for absolute...

In a laboratory colony of wild rodent, the bank vole Myodes (=Clethrionomys) glareolus, multiway artificial selection experiment was applied to mimic evolution toward high aerobic metabolism achieved during locomotor activity, predatory behavior, and ability cope with herbivorous diet. Four lines for each directions four unselected control have been maintained. After three generations within‐family selection, maximum rate oxygen consumption swimming 15% higher in selected than (least square...

SUMMARY According to life-history theory, investment in reproduction is associated with costs, which should appear as decreased survival the next or lower future reproductive success. It has been suggested that oxidative stress may be proximate mechanism of these trade-offs. Despite numerous studies defense against reactive oxygen species (ROS) during reproduction, very little known about damage caused by ROS tissues wild breeding animals. We measured lipids and proteins bank vole (Myodes...

Basal metabolic rate (BMR), commonly used as a measure of the cost living, is highly variable among species, and sources variation are subject to an enduring debate comparative biologists. One hypotheses links in BMR with diversity food habits life-history traits. We test this hypothesis by asking how particular bank vole Myodes (=Clethrionomys) glareolus, would change under selection for high growth (measured postweaning body mass change; MD(PW)) ability cope low-quality herbivorous diet...

Comparative studies have shown that diet, life history, and phylogeny interact to determine microbial community structure across mammalian hosts. However, these are often confounded by numerous factors. Selection experiments offer unique opportunities validate conclusions test hypotheses generated comparative studies. We used a replicated, 15-generation selection experiment on bank voles (Myodes glareolus) been selected for high swim-induced aerobic metabolism, predatory behavior towards...

Understanding factors limiting sustained metabolic rate (SusMR) is a central issue in ecological physiology. According to the heat dissipation limit (HDL) theory, SusMR at peak lactation constrained by maternal capacity dissipate body heat. To test that we shaved lactating bank voles (Myodes glareolus) experimentally elevate their for dissipation. The were sampled from lines selected high aerobic exercise metabolism (A; characterized also increased basal rate) and unselected control (C). Fur...

Elite human and animal athletes must acquire the fuels necessary for extreme feats, but also contend with oxidative damage associated peak metabolic performance. Here, we show that a migratory bird fuel stores composed of more omega-6 polyunsaturated fats (PUFA) expended 11% less energy during long-duration (6 hr) flights no change in costs; however, this short-term savings came at long-term cost higher PUFA-fed birds. Given fatty acids are primary fuels, key signaling molecules, building...

Experimental evolution combined with genome or transcriptome resequencing (Evolve and Resequence) represents a promising approach for advancing our understanding of the genetic basis adaptation. Here, we applied this strategy to investigate effect selection on complex trait in lines derived from natural population small mammal. We analyzed liver heart transcriptomes bank voles (Myodes [=Clethrionomys] glareolus) that had been selected increased aerobic metabolism. The organs were sampled...

Patterns of physiological flexibility in response to fasting are well established, but much less is known about the contribution water deprivation observed effects. We investigated body composition and energy budget three groups zebra finches: birds with access food water, food-deprived having drinking food-and-water-deprived birds. Animals were not stimulated by elevated expenditure they thermoneutral conditions; thus, based on previous studies, balance was expected be maintained increased...

Glucocorticoids (GCs) are metabolic hormones that promote catabolic processes, which release stored energy and support high demands such as during prolonged flights of migrating birds. Dietary antioxidants (e.g. anthocyanins) metabolism by quenching excess reactive oxygen species produced aerobic also activating specific pathways. For example, similar to GCs' function, anthocyanins the energy, although extent complementarity between GCs dietary is not well known. If complement functions,...

The ability to cope with challenging situations, such as the predator-prey interactions, can determine Darwinian fitness. While many studies concerned stress response of prey facing a predator, predator remains understudied. We hypothesised that evolution predatory lifestyle involves adaptive changes in HPA axis regulation and tested this using an experimental model comprising lines bank voles (Clethrionomys = Myodes glareolus) selected for behaviour towards crickets (P-lines) unselected...

If genetic architectures of various quantitative traits are similar, as studies on model organisms suggest, comparable selection pressures should produce similar molecular patterns for traits. To test this prediction, we used a laboratory vertebrate adaptive radiation to investigate the basis response predatory behavior and compare it with evolution aerobic capacity reported in an earlier work. After 13 generations selection, proportion bank voles (Myodes [=Clethrionomys] glareolus) showing...

Abstract Evolution of complex physiological adaptations could be driven by natural selection acting on behavioral traits. Consequently, animal personality traits and their correlation with have become an engaging research area. Here, we applied a unique experimental evolution model—lines bank voles selected for (A) high exercise-induced aerobic metabolism, (H) ability to cope low-quality herbivorous diet, (P) intensity predatory behavior, that is, shaping evolutionary path diversity...

Understanding energy metabolism in free-ranging animals is crucial for ecological studies. In birds, red blood cells (RBCs) offer a minimally invasive method to estimate metabolic rate (MR). this study with European starlings Sturnus vulgaris, we examined how RBC oxygen consumption relates use key tissues (brain, liver, heart, and pectoral muscle) versus the whole organism measured at basal levels. The muscle accounted 34%-42% of organismal MR, while heart despite their high mass-specific...

One of the core assumptions life-history theory is negative trade-off between current and future reproduction. Investment in reproduction expected to decrease reproductive success or survival, but physiological mechanisms underlying these costs are still obscure. To test for a role oxidative stress, we measured damage lipids proteins liver, heart, kidneys, muscles, as well level antioxidants (total glutathione catalase), breeding non-breeding bank voles. We used females from lines selected...

Puumala virus (PUUV) causes mild to moderate cases of haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), and is responsible for the majority hantavirus infections humans in Fennoscandia, Central Western Europe. Although there are relatively many PUUV sequences available from different European countries, little known about presence this Poland. During population studies 2009 a total 45 bank voles were trapped at three sites north-eastern Poland, namely islands on Dejguny Dobskie Lakes forest...

The effects of isolation and heavy-metal pollution on genetic diversity in Myodes (=Clethrionomys) glareolus populations were studied. Isolation are considered to have important biodiversity. Animals collected from ten isolated (island), mainland, metal-polluted areas. Three areas near zinc lead smelters; four islands the relatively unpolluted Mazurian Lake District Bieszczady Mountains; three clean-mainland District, Niepołomice Forest, Mountains. Cadmium concentrations liver kidney...

According to the "aerobic capacity model," endothermy in birds and mammals evolved as a result of natural selection favoring increased persistent locomotor activity, fuelled by aerobic metabolism. However, this also energy expenditure even during rest, with lowest metabolic rates occurring thermoneutral zone (TNZ) increasing at ambient temperatures (Ta) below above range, depicted thermoregulatory curve. In our experimental evolution system, four lines bank voles (Myodes glareolus) have been...