We tackle holey fibers in full vectorial terms. From Maxwell's equations, we derive the dispersion relations of modes guided by an infinitely self-similar air hole lattice. focus particular on fundamental mode (the so-called space filling mode), and show that previous numerical results based vector methods are accurate, but scalar ones not. also find field flow lines, intensity distribution cross section, linear polarization ratio vs. wavelength.

Solar energy is a key driver of sustainable transitions, offering an alternative to fossil fuels while aiding in the achievement global climate targets. Nevertheless, traditional horizontal solar panel setups encounter limitations related space and efficiency, primarily due issues concerning tilt angle incidence. This review article explores feasibility vertically oriented panels, particularly context Mass Rapid Transit Systems (MRTS) India, where maximizing return on investment (ROI)...

The paper presents salient features of photonic crystal fiber (PCF) at one place. Effective index model is used to study propagation characteristics PCFs. parameters such as dispersion, spot size, splice loss and bend are studied for various designs wavelength dependence refractive silica has been included in all calculations.

Indian federalism has become less centralized as a result of popular pressures, the breakdown Congress dominance, and fragmentation political parties. Economic challenges to cooperative emerge from market reforms, search for investments, World Bank structural adjustment plans adopted in selected states. Devolution economic decision-making states aggravates fiscal crises by facilitating populist strategies accentuating uneven development. Political arise issues such central vs. state control...

Abstract The efficient separation of bounded electron–hole pairs (excitons) through charge transfer states (CTS) is a fundamental process in organic photovoltaic cells (OPVs). Introduction CTS dissociation probability <?CDATA $\left({{CTS}}_{{dis}}\right)$?> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mfenced close=")" open="("> <mml:msub> <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">CTS</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> mathvariant="italic">dis</mml:mi> </mml:msub>...

We present here a simple exact procedure to obtain the complex propagation characteristics of multilayer waveguide devices with absorbing layers. report validity and illustrate rapid convergence our calculations on metal clad polarizers detector loaded waveguides. The limited applicability earlier proposed methods is also discussed

Spoilage mechanisms are aw dependent and sorption isotherm is an ideal tool to assess product behavior under different temperature conditions. Shredded Mozzarella cheese with without microcrystalline cellulose was studied for desorption isotherms by the static gravimetric method at 5, 10 15C in a range of 0.113–0.985. It noticed that Smith Halsey were best-fit models. Negative effect on equilibrium moisture content (EMC) given positive EMC observed. Isokinetic theory concluded process...

Multilayered slab waveguides with absorbing or metal layers have complex propagation constants. A novel and exact numerical procedure is introduced for finding these. The validated on a model useful in device applications, cladding buffer layer.

High temperature load controlled fatigue, hot tensile and accelerated creep properties of thermal barrier coated (TBC) Superni C263 alloy used as a candidate material in combustor liner aero engines are highlighted this paper. Acoustic emission technique has been utilised to characterise the ductile-brittle transition bond coat. Results revealed that DBTT (ductile brittle temperature) coat is around 923 K, which close proximity value reported for CoCrAlY type Finite element technique,...

Abstract We have investigated the effect of emitter design key parameters such as depth factor and peak concentration for different types diffusion profiles (uniform, exponential, Gaussian, Erfc) on performance silicon (Si) solar cells. The value is optimized 0.1 μ m all these profiles. Afterward, A close examination relative lengths, conductivities, recombination rates, internal external quantum efficiencies revealed that among considered profiles, Erfc profile exhibits maximum efficiency...

We present an analysis of the performance characteristics in-line fiber-optic bandpass and band-stop wavelength filters. A planar waveguide model was used for numerical simulations device performance. It recently reported that a filter depend on depth polishing single-mode fiber. However, our show both types characteristic can be obtained with same polishing.

Palladium (Pd)-based optical fiber sensors exhibit large sensitivity to detect hydrogen. We performed design study on Pd-coated side-polished using modal approach. The presence of buffer layer (i.e., the remaining cladding or other material) between core side polished single mode and hydrogen absorbing Pd shows a strong effect sensitivity. thickness layers are optimized achieve higher Use different materials as has been explored we observed that teflon gives maximum

We show that input and output coupling have an extremely strong effect on the performance of a metal-clad polarizer integrated in optical circuit, with extinction ratios showing large oscillations for small changes device length conventional low-index buffers. further if high-index buffers are used, very high short devices can be achieved; moreover, such insensitive to lengths.

An organic Solar cell (OSC) with inverted configuration i.e. "FTO/TiO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> /P3HT:PCBM/PEDOT:PSS/Ag" has been studied using an open source software OghmaNano. The thicknesses of active layer, electron transport layer (ETL), hole (HTL), cathode, and anode are varied the corresponding current-voltage characteristics obtained. After examining open-circuit voltage (Voc), short-circuit current density...

In this work, we have designed an n-i-p structure (FTO/TiO2/CH3NH3PbI3/Spiro-OMeTAD/Au) perovskite photovoltaic cell (PPV). The effect of exciton dissociation on the characteristic parameters i.e., open-circuit voltage (VOC), short-circuit current density (JSC), fill-factor (FF), and power conversion efficiency (PCE) device has been studied. influence free-to-free carrier (bi-molecular) recombination performance also investigated. study concludes that PCE 29.79% can be achieved with...

This paper presents a acomprehensive design and control strategy for photovoltaic (PV) energy storage system. The system consists of 2kW system, two converter circuits, resistive load 6 Ohm lithium-ion battery integrated with DC Bus applying constant power to the load. scheme offered topologies, one is boost another DC/DC bidirectional converter. directly connected in series PV array whereas (BDC) battery. used regulate maximum point tracking (MPPT) array. Closed-loop controller implemented...

We extend the isospectral Hamiltonian approach for two Riccati parameters and study their combined control on intensity of self-similar waves in tapered graded-index waveguide. This further widens parameter space to amplify signals.