To explore natural biodiversity we developed and examined introgression lines (ILs) containing chromosome segments of wild species (Solanum pennellii) in the background cultivated tomato (S. lycopersicum). We identified Brix9-2-5, which is a S. pennellii quantitative trait locus (QTL) that increases sugar yield tomatoes was mapped within flower- fruit-specific invertase (LIN5). QTL analysis representing five different delimited functional polymorphism Brix9-2-5 to an amino acid near...

In nature, genetic variation usually takes the form of a continuous phenotypic range rather than discrete classes. The underlying quantitative traits results from segregation numerous interacting trait loci (QTLs), whose expression is modified by environment. To uncover molecular basis this variation, we characterized QTL ( Brix9 - 2 5 ) derived green-fruited tomato species Lycopersicon pennellii . wild-species allele increased glucose and fructose contents in cultivated fruits various...

Phenylpropenes such as chavicol, t-anol, eugenol, and isoeugenol are produced by plants defense compounds against animals microorganisms floral attractants of pollinators. Moreover, humans have used phenylpropenes since antiquity for food preservation flavoring medicinal agents. Previous research suggested that the synthesized in from substituted phenylpropenols, although identity enzymes nature reaction mechanism involved this transformation remained obscure. We show here glandular...

Salicylic acid (SA) is a critical signal for the activation of plant defense responses against pathogen infections. We recently identified SA-binding protein 2 (SABP2) from tobacco as that displays high affinity SA and plays crucial role in systemic acquired resistance to pathogens. Here we report crystal structures SABP2, alone complex with at up 2.1-Å resolution. The confirm SABP2 member α/β hydrolase superfamily enzymes, Ser-81, His-238, Asp-210 catalytic triad. bound active site...

Abstract The monoterpene fraction of the lemon-scented sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) cv Sweet Dani consists mostly citral (a mixture geranial and neral), with lower levels geraniol nerol. These compounds are stored in peltate glands found on leaf epidermis. Younger leaves, which have a higher density such glands, also content monoterpenes than older leaves. Geraniol synthase (GES) activity, generating from geranyl diphosphate, was shown to be localized exclusively or almost glands. GES...

Abstract Surface glandular trichomes distributed throughout the aerial parts of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) produce and store monoterpene, sesquiterpene, phenylpropene volatiles. Three distinct chemotypes were used to examine molecular mechanisms underlying divergence in their monoterpene sesquiterpene content. The relative levels specific terpenes each cultivar correlated with transcripts for eight genes encoding terpene synthases. In a that produces mostly (R)-linalool, (R)-linalool...

Abstract Medium-length methylketones (C7-C15) are highly effective in protecting plants from numerous pests. We used a biochemical genomics approach to elucidate the pathway leading synthesis of glandular trichomes wild tomato Lycopersicon hirsutum f glabratum (accession PI126449). A comparison gland EST databases accession PI126449 and second L. accession, LA1777, whose glands do not contain methylketones, showed that expression genes for fatty acid biosynthesis is elevated glands,...

Abstract In plants, benzoic acid (BA) is believed to be synthesized from Phe through shortening of the propyl side chain by two carbons. It hypothesized that this occurs via either a β-oxidative or non-β-oxidative pathway. Previous in vivo isotope labeling and metabolic flux analysis benzenoid network petunia (Petunia hybrida) flowers revealed both pathways yield compounds benzylbenzoate an intermediate between l-Phe BA. To test hypothesis, we generated transgenic plants which expression...

Heterosis is a main contributor to yield increase in many crop species. Different mechanisms have been proposed for heterosis: dominance, overdominance, epistasis, epigenetics, and protein metabolite changes. However, only limited examples of molecular dissection validation these are available. Here, we present an example discovery heterosis generated by combination repulsion linkage dominance. Using recombinant inbred line population, separate quantitative trait locus (QTL) plant height...

Abstract The microbiota thriving in the rhizosphere, thin layer of soil surrounding plant roots, plays a critical role plant’s adaptation to environment. Domestication and breeding selection have progressively differentiated modern crops from ones their wild ancestors. However, impact eco-geographical constraints faced by domesticated plants crop relatives on recruitment maintenance rhizosphere remains be fully elucidated. Here we performed comparative 16S rRNA gene survey 4 20 barley (...

Abstract In this study, we present the genetic analysis of a new collection wild barley ( Hordeum spontaneum ) using 42 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers that represent seven chromosomes. The Barley1K (B1K) infrastructure consists 1020 accessions collected in hierarchical sampling mode (HSM) from 51 sites across Israel and represents wide adaptive niche modern barley's ancestor. According to structure analysis, sampled can be divided into groups, microsites located on opposing slopes or...

Geranyl diphosphate (GPP), the precursor of many monoterpene end products, is synthesized in plastids by a condensation dimethylallyl and isopentenyl (IPP) reaction catalyzed homodimeric or heterodimeric GPP synthase (GPPS). In enzymes, noncatalytic small subunit (GPPS.SSU) determines product specificity catalytic large subunit, which may be either an active geranylgeranyl (GGPPS) inactive GGPPS-like protein. Here, we show that expression snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) GPPS.SSU tobacco...

The trichomes of the wild tomato species Solanum habrochaites subsp. glabratum synthesize and store high levels methylketones, primarily 2-tridecanone 2-undecanone, that protect plants against various herbivorous insects. Previously, we identified cDNAs encoding two proteins necessary for methylketone biosynthesis, designated synthase 1 (ShMKS1) ShMKS2. Here, report isolation genomic sequences ShMKS1 ShMKS2 as well homologous genes from cultivated tomato, lycopersicum. We show a full-length...

Rapid RNA extraction is commonly performed with commercial kits, which are very expensive and can involve toxic reagents. Most of these kits be used healthy plant tissues, but do not produce consistently high-quality from necrotic fungus-infected tissues or fungal mycelium.We report on the development a rapid relatively inexpensive method for total plants as well insects fungi, based guanidine hydrochloride buffer common DNA columns originally purification plasmids cosmids.The proposed...

Abstract Determining the extent of genetic variation that reflects local adaptation in crop-wild relatives is interest for purpose identifying useful diversity plant breeding. We investigated association genomic with geographical and environmental factors wild barley ( Hordeum vulgare L. ssp. spontaneum ) populations Southern Levant using genotyping by sequencing (GBS) 244 accessions Barley 1K+ collection. The inference population structure resulted four clusters corresponded to...

Abstract Comparative analysis of complex developmental pathways depends on our ability to resolve the function members gene families across taxonomic groups. LIN5, which belongs a small family apoplastic invertases in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), is quantitative trait locus that modifies fruit sugar composition. We have compared genomic organization and expression this two distantly related species: Arabidopsis. Invertase reside segmental duplications near-colinear genomes potato...

Abstract Methylcinnamate, which is widely distributed throughout the plant kingdom, a significant component of many floral scents and an important signaling molecule between plants insects. Comparison EST database obtained from glandular trichomes basil (Ocimum basilicum) variety that produces high levels methylcinnamate (line MC) with other varieties producing little or no identified several very closely related genes belonging to SABATH family carboxyl methyltransferases are highly almost...

Abstract Genetic analysis of interspecific populations derived from crosses between the wild tomato species Solanum habrochaites f. sp. glabratum, which synthesizes and accumulates insecticidal methylketones (MK), mostly 2-undecanone 2-tridecanone, in glandular trichomes, cultivated (Solanum lycopersicum), does not, demonstrated that several genetic loci contribute to MK metabolism species. A strong correlation was found shape trichomes their content, significant associations were seen...

Abstract The domestication of plants frequently results in a high level genetic differentiation between domesticated and their wild progenitors. This process is counteracted by gene flow because they are usually able to inter‐mate exchange genes. We investigated the extent barley Hordeum spontaneum cultivated vulgare , its effect on population structure analysing collection 896 accessions (Barley1K) from Israel all available Israeli H. bank. compared performance simple sequence repeats (SSR)...

Wild barley is adapted to highly diverse environments throughout its geographical distribution range. Transcriptome sequencing of differentially wild ecotypes from contrasting contributes the identification genes and genetic variation involved in abiotic stress tolerance adaptation.Two desert (B1K2) Mediterranean (B1K30) were analyzed for drought response under controlled conditions. The ecotype lost more water both irrigation drought, but exhibited higher relative content (RWC) better use...

In plants, the circadian system controls a plethora of processes, many with agronomic importance, such as photosynthesis, photoprotection, stomatal opening, and photoperiodic development, well molecular gene expression. It has been suggested that modifying rhythms may be means to manipulate crops develop improved plants for agriculture. However, there is very little information on how clock influences performance crop plants. We used noninvasive, high-throughput technique, based prompt...