An electrical model for biological cells predicts that pulses with durations shorter than the charging time of outer membrane, there is an increasing probability electric field interactions intracellular structures. Experimental studies in which human were exposed to pulsed fields up 300-kV/cm amplitude, as short 10 ns, have confirmed this hypothesis. The observed effects include breaching granule membranes without permanent damage cell abrupt rises free calcium levels, and enhanced...

Experimental results on the inception and propagation of streamers in water generated under application high electric fields are reviewed. Characteristic parameters, such as breakdown voltage, polarity applied velocities other phenomenological features, compared with similar phenomena dielectric liquids gases. Consequently, parameters that expected to influence development discussed respect analogous well-established models theories for related mechanisms Most data support notion an initial...

The effect of pulsed electric fields on the viability microorganisms, mainly bacteria, in liquids has been studied since 1960's. Experimental results obtained over a large range electrical and microbiological parameters, point towards an irreversible formation pores cell membrane as mechanism for lysing. model pore seems to fail only ultrashort pulses, where intracellular effects, possibly resonant might dominate. This paper presents overview microorganisms liquids, In particular, lytic...

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> Nanosecond electrical pulses have been successfully used to treat melanoma tumors by using needle arrays as pulse delivery systems. Reducing the duration of intense electric field from nanoseconds into subnanosecond range will allow us use wideband antennas deliver electromagnetic fields tissue with a spatial resolution in centimeter range. To explore biological effect pulses, we developed...

A molecular dynamics (MD) scheme is combined with a distributed circuit model for self-consistent analysis of the transient membrane response cells subjected to an ultrashort (nanosecond) high-intensity ($\ensuremath{\sim}0.01\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{V}∕\mathrm{nm}$ spatially averaged field) voltage pulse. The dynamical, stochastic, many-body aspects are treated at level by resorting course-grained representation lipid molecules. Coupling Smoluchowski equation electrical current flow...

A model analysis of electroporation dynamics in biological cells has been carried out based on the Smoluchowski equation. Results cellular response to short, electric pulses are presented, taking account growth and resealing transient aqueous pores. It is shown that application large voltages alone may not be sufficient cause irreversible breakdown, if time duration too short. Failure damage at small pulse widths could attributed inadequacy for pores grow expand beyond a critical threshold...

A combined MD simulator and time dependent Laplace solver are used to analyze the electrically driven phosphatidylserine externalization process in cells. Time details of nanopore formation at cell membranes response a high-intensity $(100\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{kV}∕\mathrm{cm})$, ultrashort $(10\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ns})$ electric pulse also probed. Our results show that nanosized pores could typically be formed within about $5\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ns}$....

The dynamics of electroporation in biological cells subjected to nanosecond, high-intensity pulses are studied based on a coupled scheme involving both the current continuity and Smoluchowski equations. A new distributed network model, that includes dynamic conductivities cell membranes substructures, is introduced for evaluations transmembrane potential. It shown subcellular structures could be affected through nanosecond pulses, that, despite high field intensity, processes remain...

Electrical breakdown simulations are carried out for liquids in response to a sub-microsecond (∼100–200 ns) voltage pulse. This model builds on our previous analysis and focuses particularly the polarity effect seen experimentally point–plane geometries. The flux-corrected transport approach is used numerical implementation. Our adequately explains experimental observations of pre-breakdown current fluctuations, streamer propagation branching as well disparities hold-off initiation times...

Using density functional theory, we present a comparative study of the electronic properties BN-doped graphene monolayer, bilayer, trilayer, and multilayer systems. In addition, address superlattice pristine graphene. Five doping levels between 12.5% 75% are considered, for which obtain band gaps from 0.02 eV to 2.43 eV. We demonstrate low effective mass charge carriers.

The temporal dynamics of electroporation cells subjected to ultrashort voltage pulses are studied based on a coupled scheme involving the Laplace, Nernst-Plank, and Smoluchowski equations. A pore radius dependent energy barrier for ionic transport, accounts cellular variations. It is shown that finite time delay exists in formation, leads transient overshoot transmembrane potential V(mem) beyond 1.0 V. Pore resealing consist an initial fast process, 10(-4) s delay, followed by much slower...

An electrical breakdown model for liquids in response to a submicrosecond (∼100ns) voltage pulse is presented, and quantitative evaluations carried out. It proposed that initiated by field emission at the interface of pre-existing microbubbles. Impact ionization within microbubble gas then contributes plasma development, with cathode injection having delayed secondary role. Continuous streamer tip filament growth propagation. This can adequately explain almost all experimentally observed...

Electrical breakdown in homogeneous liquid water for an ∼100ns voltage pulse is analyzed. It shown that electron-impact ionization not likely to be important and could only operative low-density situations or possibly under optical excitation. Simulation results also indicate field of can lead a provided the energies were very low order 2.3eV. Under such conditions, electric-field collapse at anode plasma propagation toward cathode, with minimal physical charge transport, predicted. However,...

We present a theoretical study of the thermalization process laser-excited, electron-hole plasmas in quantum wells. In particular, long-time behavior light holes is investigated to determine their effect and role played by nonequilibrium phonons on relaxation dynamics. find that phonon reabsorption can result significant heating this population. The consequent retardation cooling further augmented bottleneck arising out energy-threshold limitations for inter- intraband phonon-emission...

We report experimental measurements of nonequilibrium electron distributions as well phonon dynamics in wurtzite GaN by using subpicosecond time-resolved Raman spectroscopy. Our results have demonstrated that for densities n≥5×1017 cm−3, the can be very described Fermi–Dirac distribution functions with temperature electrons substantially higher than lattice. The population relaxation time longitudinal optical phonons was directly measured to τ≂5±1 ps at T=25 K.

A self-consistent model analysis of electroporation in biological cells has been carried out based on an improved energy model. The simple used the literature is somewhat incorrect and unphysical for a variety reasons. Our pore formation $E(r)$ includes dependence population density. It also allows variable surface tension, incorporates effects finite conductivity electrostatic correction term, dynamic nature. Self-consistent calculations, coupled scheme involving Smoluchowski equation...

We incorporate the exchange interaction into a simulation in which all electron motion, including that involved screening, is treated explicitly with molecular-dynamics run concurrently within an ensemble Monte Carlo treatment of scattering. Exchange for first time such approach by semiclassical modification molecular dynamics takes full account Fermi statistics, and, particular, does not violate exclusion principle. A comparison made short-time relaxation data Becker et al.

Results of our Monte Carlo computations for the dynamic response GaN photodetectors are reported. Electron and hole transport, circuit loading, electric field effects, intensity dependence all comprehensively included. The impulse transient compares favorably with a 0.25 μm GaAs metal-semiconductor-metal device. performance is better at lower photoexcitation intensities, improvements higher intensities possible by increasing applied voltage operating in ballistic regime fields around 150 kV/cm.

Pulsed power is a technology that suited to drive electrical loads requiring very large pulses in short bursts (high-peak power). Certain applications require can be deployed small spaces under stressful environments, e.g., on ship, vehicle, or aircraft. In 2001, the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) launched long-range (five-year) Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative (MURI) study fundamental issues for compact pulsed power. This research program endeavoring to: 1) introduce new...

Time-resolved resonant Raman spectroscopy has been used to study the properties of nonequilibrium GaAs LO phonons generated as a result cascade photoexcited carriers in quantum wells. The average population relaxation time these phonons, which are responsible for hot-phonon effects wells, is directly measured be 8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1 ps at $T\ensuremath{\simeq}10$ K. These experimental results should help determine quantitatively and accurately role hot play hot-carrier dynamics...

The field of bioelectrics lies at the intersection biomedical engineering, biophysics, pulsed power technology, and bioscience, guided by underlying theme using electric pulses varying waveforms durations to drive manipulate desired biological responses outcomes in cells tissues. ever-growing list applications includes tumor treatment, wound healing, neurostimulation, decontamination inactivation microorganisms pathogens, cardiac ablation for treatment arrhythmias, many more. Here, we...