This exploratory study seeks to understand the diffusion of disinformation by examining how social media users respond fake news and why. Using a mixed-methods approach in an explanatory-sequential design, this combines results from national survey involving 2501 respondents with series in-depth interviews 20 participants small but economically technologically advanced nation Singapore. finds that most Singapore just ignore posts they come across on media. They would only offer corrections...

It is widely claimed that secondary states across East Asia are not purely balancing or bandwagoning, but rather hedging between the United States and China by combining policies of economic political engagement with risk management. We argue behavior should include costless activities do require to face trade-offs in their security choices. redefine as signaling generates ambiguity over extent a state's shared interests great powers. This definition returns focus relationships better...

International Relations scholars have long recognized that technology plays a critical role in power transitions, but the field lacks framework to understand how and innovation strategies generate rivalry between dominant rising states. With an empirical focus on contemporary United States–China relations, this paper addresses gap. We identify 'innovation imperative' drives states pursue technological modernity, highlight two ways which pursuit can challenge strategic interests of state....

We develop a theoretical logic and character of Chinese model international order. begin by considering general problems power transition hegemonic order-building, with reference to the American experience liberal hegemony. China will, like all powerful states, seek an order that protects its interests. But unlike predecessors, faces existing containing elements threaten domestic political economic model. describe this consider how it might be defended at level—embedded in organizational...

Contemporary economic coercion increasingly features the use of 'informal' sanctions—government-directed disruption international commerce that is not enshrined in official laws or publicly acknowledged as coercive, yet which seeks to impose costs on key firms industries a target country order achieve strategic objectives. We investigate how 'informality' mediates link between interdependence and coercive power, leveraging most significant contemporary case informal sanctions: China's...

There is a recent surge in the use of state-sponsored cyber operations by states against foreign political institutions, including efforts to sway electoral outcomes influencing voters. Yet statecraft research has focused more on designed yield direct military advantage or reward, rather than as subtle tool influence. We seek address this gap literature, first conceptualising typology constituting 'cyber voter interference' (CVI), second theorising causal mechanism through which CVI can...

In the past, medical museums played a significant role in anatomy and pathology training. The attraction of has declined recently due to emergence information technology innovative curricula. An mobile learning platform been developed using quick response (QR) codes for museum specimens at Lee Kong Chain School Medicine, Singapore. High‐quality images potted were captured combined into an album video Adobe Acrobat Pro 9 Windows Movie Maker, respectively. Subsequently, QR generated linking...

Abstract The literature on hedging as a secondary state strategy – built largely evidence from United States-China competition in East and Southeast Asia focuses conditions where major power presents both an economic opportunity security threat. In South Asia, contrast, states facing strategic between India China have pursued strategies the absence of We develop theoretical reconciliation these two phenomena. Hedging at its core involves trade-off material benefits autonomy costs cooperating...

While to date the Eurozone debt crisis is one of most important and consequential events in world politics twenty-first century, actions taken by states negotiate a cooperative resolution do not seem particularly puzzling. In this article, we employ analytic explanation approach process tracing test whether protracted high-profile case – negotiations between creditors led Germany, Greece as debtor state indeed validate three central hypotheses basic cooperation theory regarding sources...

China's growing economic strength provides Beijing with potent instruments of statecraft to pursue political and strategic objectives. Yet studies power Chinese tend concentrate on trade in goods, outbound investment, international institutions. This article broadens this research program into services by focusing tourism sector. Drawing a variety English language sources, the authors describe history structure domestic regulatory framework governing tourism, before studying instances where...

Abstract Through what mechanisms can states exploit a target’s economic links to third-party firms impose sanctions? Although China has long objected the United States’ use of secondary sanctions, Beijing is now adopting similar tactics. We examine China’s coercion campaign against Lithuania since 2021 (over dispute regarding Taiwan) as case informal application trade sanctions. In doing so, we offer three main contributions. First, propose one first explicit models supply chain Second,...

China's growing trade, investment, and aid links are commonly believed to constitute a potent instrument of statecraft, generating important security externalities. Yet there is insufficient research tracing the precise mechanisms linking economic relationships between "sender" "target" state actual influence in domain. We offer three contributions. First, we map out theoretical sender–target relationship. Second, empirically investigate these through case study Sri Lanka since 2009. Third,...

Under what conditions do high levels of export concentration in a single market generate vulnerability to coercive economic power? This paper investigates that question by examining the experiences Australian export-oriented industries lost access Chinese during sanctions episode beginning May 2020. Despite China being dominant and highly valuable for many affected industries, – accordingly political impacts were more modest than anticipated. We argue reason this lies autonomous adjustments....

For nearly four decades, Australia's domestic and international economic policies were anchored by the promotion of open, transparent, rules-based market exchange. This was considered best way to increase both prosperity its security, that belief guided Canberra's approach statecraft. However, emerging concerns about vulnerabilities arising from interdependence, increasingly blurry line between economics security amid great power rivalry China United States, have placed Australian policy...

In a well-publicized finding, Bueno de Mesquita and Smith argue that temporary members of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) suffer politically economically because they receive elevated inflows foreign aid in exchange for votes. Closer examination data reveals lack support this claim. Even when analysis is limited to countries do not enjoy temporarily increased during tenure, UNSC membership retains an association with poor outcomes are disproportionately strong nondemocratic...

The 2017 Foreign Policy White Paper emphasises the importance of ‘maximising’ Australia’s power and influence. However, much commentary on Australian foreign policy do not clearly conceptualise ‘power’ or indicate how it ought to be increased. Lowy Institute’s recent Asia Power Index implies one possible strategy via its resource-based approach measuring power. We outline a different argue that should conceptualised evaluated as specific relationship causing behavioural change, rather than...

Debate within Australia regarding the bilateral relationship with China is complex, contentious and often lacks clarity. Informed by basic international relations theory, we identify two dividing lines this debate. First, whether understanding China's behaviour most effectively done through a unitary actor framework, or it essential to look inside 'black box' of Chinese party-state. Second, one more concerned about 'Thucydides trap' 'Munich'—that is, are consequences an overreaction...

Abstract This article describes the various animation techniques we used in creating our short animated piece, Si Lunchai (based on Indonesian folktale of same name). We took aesthetic inspiration from Shadow Puppetry (Wayang Kulit). Because 3D technology provides many ‘naturalistic’ advantages not available traditional shadow puppet performances, much challenge work involved seeking out compelling compromises between retaining value original Wayang Kulit, while also taking advantage...