User attention is a scarce resource, and users are susceptible to interruption overload. Systems do not reason about the effects of interrupting user during task sequence. In this study, we measure at different moments within execution in terms performance, emotional state, social attribution. Task models were developed using event perception techniques, resulting used identify timings based on user's predicted cognitive load. Our results show that have impacts state positive attribution,...

Background Intima-media thickness (IMT) of the common carotid artery (CCA), measured with external vascular ultrasound, has been widely used in clinical trials as a surrogate marker for coronary atherosclerosis. Despite this, degree correlation between IMT and extent severity disease (CAD) is not known. Methods Results Common was by ultrasound 350 consecutive subjects age 60±10 years (range, 30 to 85 years) on day angiography. Carotid mean 0.83±0.20 mm 0.43 1.80 mm), maximum 1.04±0.27 0.49...

Notifications can have reduced interruption cost if delivered at moments of lower mental workload during task execution. Cognitive theorists speculated that these occur subtask boundaries. In this article, we empirically test speculation by examining how changes execution goal-directed tasks, focusing on regions between adjacent chunks within the is, a controlled experiment, users performed several interactive tasks while their pupil dilation, reliable measure workload, was continuously...

Accurate assessment of a user's mental workload will be critical for developing systems that manage user attention (interruptions) in the interface. Empirical evidence suggests an interruption is much less disruptive when it occurs during period lower workload. To provide measure interactive tasks, we investigated use task-evoked pupillary response. Results show more difficult task demands longer processing time, induces higher subjective ratings workload, and reliably evokes greater...

The use of examples serves a critical role in creative design practice, but details this process remain an enigma. This is problematic for both the understanding activity as well developing more effective tools. In paper, we report results study that understands and compares how designers (N=11) utilize, manage, share to support process. domains studied were Web, graphic, product design. Our shows are cornerstone practice utilized many reasons throughout Since pivotal success project, tools...

To contribute to systems that reason about human attention, our work empirically demonstrates how a user's mental workload changes during task execution. We conducted study where users performed interactive, hierarchical tasks while was measured through the use of pupil size. Results show (i) different types subtasks impose workload, (ii) decreases at subtask boundaries, (iii) more boundaries higher in model and less lower model, (iv) among within same level (v) effective understanding why...

This work investigates the use of workload-aligned task models for predicting opportune moments interruption. From several tasks, we selected boundaries with lowest (Best) and highest (Worst) mental workload. We compared effects interrupting primary tasks at these Random on resumption lag, annoyance, social attribution. Results show that Best consistently caused less lag fostered more demonstrate offers a systematic method moments.

We present a novel system for notification management and report results from two studies testing its performance impact. The uses statistical models to realize defer-to-breakpoint policies managing notifications. first study tested how well the detect three types of breakpoints within task sequences. Results show that reasonably well, but struggle differentiate their type. Our second explored effects notifications with our on users tasks. showed scheduling at reduces frustration reaction...

Hundreds of thousands crowdfunding campaigns have been launched, but more than half them failed. To better understand the factors affecting campaign outcomes, this paper targets content and usage patterns project updates -- communications intended to keep potential funders aware a campaign's progress. We analyzed large corpus on Kickstarter, one largest platforms. Using semantic analysis techniques, we derived taxonomy types created during campaigns, found discrepancies between design intent...

Feedback on designs is critical for helping users iterate toward effective solutions. This paper presents Voyant, a novel system giving access to non-expert crowd receive perception-oriented feedback their from selected audience. Based formative study, the generates elements seen in design, order which are noticed, impressions formed when design first viewed, and interpretation of relative guidelines domain user's stated goals. An evaluation was conducted with designs. Users reported about...

We present BeThere, a proof-of-concept system designed to explore 3D input for mobile collaborative interactions. With we gestures and spatial which allow remote users perform variety of virtual interactions in local user's physical environment. Our is completely self-contained uses depth sensors track the location fingers as well capture shape objects front sensor. illustrate unique capabilities our through series that control manipulate content. also provide qualitative feedback from...

Feedback is an important component of the design process, but gaining access to high-quality critique outside a classroom or firm challenging. We present CrowdCrit, web-based system that allows designers receive critiques from non-expert crowd workers. evaluated CrowdCrit in three studies focusing on designer's experience and benefits critiques. In first study, we compared expert found evidence aggregated approaches critique. second who got feedback perceived it improved their process. The...

Though refactoring tools have been available for more than a decade, research has shown that programmers underutilize such tools. However, little is known about why do not take advantage of these We conducted field study on in their natural settings working code. As result, we collected set interaction data from 1268 hours programming using our minimally intrusive collectors. Our quantitative show prefer lightweight methods invoking refactorings, usually perform small changes the tool,...

A challenge in building interruption reasoning systems is to compute an accurate cost of (COI). Prior work has used interface events and other cues predict COI, but ignore characteristics related the structure a task. This investigates how well task can as objectively measured by resumption lag. In experiment, users were interrupted during execution at various boundaries collect large sample lag values. Statistical methods employed create parsimonious model that uses COI. subsequent...

A notification represents the proactive delivery of information to a user and reduces need visually scan or repeatedly check an external source. At same time, notifications often interrupt tasks at inopportune moments, decreasing productivity increasing frustration. Controlled studies have shown that linking perceptual structure user's can reduce these interruption costs. However, in studies, scheduling was always performed manually, it not clear whether would be possible for system mimic...

Though refactoring tools have been available for more than a decade, research has shown that programmers underutilize such tools. However, little is known about why do not take advantage of these We conducted field study on in their natural settings working code. As result, we collected set interaction data from 1268 hours programming using our minimally intrusive collectors. Our quantitative show prefer lightweight methods invoking refactorings, usually perform small changes the tool,...

As users continue offloading more control and responsibility to the computer, coordinating asynchronous interactions between user computer is becoming increasingly important. Without proper coordination, an application attempting gain user's attention risks interrupting in midst of performing another task. To justify why should avoid whenever possible, we designed experiment measuring disruptive effect interruption on a task performance. The utilized six Web-based categories two tasks....

To create an innovative interactive multimedia application, a designer needs to rapidly explore numerous behavioral design ideas early in the process, as creating behavior is cornerstone of multimedia. Current tools and techniques do not support designer's need for exploration, limiting her ability effectively communicate ideas. address this need, we have developed sketch-based, storyboard tool that uses ink strokes textual annotations input vocabulary. By operationalizing vocabulary,...

Informal design tools can provide immense value during the creative stages of process, e.g., by transforming sketches into interactive simulations. Two key limitations informal and many other are that they do not promote working with multiple ideas in parallel or collaboration. In this paper, we present a new interaction model allows team designers to work efficiently parallel. The is grounded theories creativity collaboration, was further informed observations group practice. Our fully...

We present a new interaction framework for collaborating in multiple display environments (MDEs) and report results from field study investigating its use an authentic work setting. Our framework, IMPROMPTU, allows users to share task information across displays via off-the-shelf applications, jointly interact with focused problem solving place on shared discussion reflection. also includes lightweight interface performing these related actions. A three week of our was conducted the domain...