A valid comparison of the magnitude two correlations requires researchers to directly contrast using an appropriate statistical test. In many popular statistics packages, however, tests for significance difference between are missing. To close this gap, we introduce cocor, a free software package R programming language. The cocor covers broad range including comparisons independent and dependent with either overlapping or nonoverlapping variables. also includes implementation Zou's...

A multinomial model is used to disentangle the respective contributions of reasoning processes and response bias in conclusion-acceptance data that exhibit belief bias. model-based meta-analysis 22 studies reveals such are structurally too sparse allow discrimination different accounts Four experiments conducted obtain richer data, allowing deeper tests through use model. None current consistent with complex pattern results. new theory proposed assumes most reasoners construct only one...

The Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding (BIDR; Paulhus, 1994) is a widely used instrument to measure the 2 components social desirability: self-deceptive enhancement and impression management. With respect scoring BIDR, Paulhus (1994) authorized methods, namely continuous (all answers on answer scale are counted) dichotomous (only extreme counted). In this article, we report 3 studies with student samples, BIDR subscales compared reliability, convergent validity, sensitivity...

Evaluative priming effects are often found in the evaluative decision task, which persons judge affective connotation (positive vs. negative) of a target word. The present experiments examined list-context to test whether and semantic follow same laws. In Experiment 1, was at prime-target stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs) 0 ms 100 ms, but not SOAs of--100, 200, 600, 1,200 ms. 2 manipulated SOA (0, ms) proportion (25%, 50%, 75%) pairs that were evaluatively related. Contrary typical finding...

Previous findings of skewed birth date distributions among sports professionals have been interpreted as evidence for a systematic discrimination against children born shortly before the cut-off each age grouping. Alternative explanations these exist, however. This research therefore attempted to replicate effect in cross-cultural comparison. A strong relative professional soccer was found Germany, Japan, Brazil, and Australia, showing that is independent different dates variety climatic...

The present experiment investigated the effect of visual aesthetics on performance. A total 257 volunteers completed a series search tasks website providing health-related information. Four versions were created by manipulating (high vs. low) and usability (good poor) in 2 x between-subjects design. Task completion times error rates used as performance measures. main both time was observed. Additionally, significant interaction revealed that high enhanced under conditions poor usability....

The present study investigated sample size requirements of maximum likelihood (ML) and robust weighted least squares (robust WLS) estimation for ordinal data with confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) models 3–10 indicators per factor, primary loadings between .4 .9, four different levels categorization (2, 3, 5, 7). Additionally, the utility H-measure construct reliability (an index combining number magnitude loadings) in predicting was examined. Results indicated that a higher factors...

Zusammenfassung. Vorgestellt wird die Entwicklung einer deutschsprachigen Version des “Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding“ ( Paulhus, 1994 ), eines zweifaktoriellen Inventars zur Messung sozial erwünschter Antworttendenzen. Die aus empirischen Itemselektion resultierende Endfassung besteht zwei Skalen mit jeweils 10 Items. Sie erlauben es, unterscheidbare Teilaspekte sozialer Erwünschtheit zu erfassen: Selbst- und Fremdtäuschung. In drei Kreuzvalidierungsstudien zeichneten sich beide...

Since Baruch Fischhoff's (1975) groundbreaking paper opened up a whole new research field, more than 150 journal articles and book chapters, two meta–analyses (Christensen–Szalanski & Willham, 1991; Guilbault, Bryant, Brockway Posavac, 2004), one special issue (Memory, 2003, edited by Ulrich Hoffrage Rüdiger Pohl) have addressed hindsight phenomena. The current editorial aims to provide rough roadmap the bias landscape. It highlights some important landmarks developments of last 30 years...

Abstract While negative correlations have often been found between a respondent's education and his attitudes towards foreigners, the reasons for this effect are still under debate. We examined hypothesis that highly educated may not be genuinely less xenophobic, but simply more prone to give socially desirable, xenophile answers in attitude questionnaires. therefore compared of respondents who were either questioned directly or using cheating detection extension randomized‐response...

Indirect questioning techniques such as the crosswise model aim to control for socially desirable responding in surveys on sensitive personal attributes. Recently, extended has been proposed an improvement over original model. It offers all of advantages while also enabling detection systematic response biases. We applied a new attribute, campus islamophobia, and present first experimental investigation including model, direct condition, respectively. In paper-pencil questionnaire, we...

Recent work has found an affective priming effect using the naming task: In pronouncing target words, pronunciation latencies were consistently shorter when (e.g., loyal) was preceded by evaluatively congruent sunshine) rather than incongruent prime word (e.g, rain). Using task, no in present studies irrespective of prime-set size and target-set (Experiment 1), stimulus-onset asynchrony 2), even a nearly exact replication previous that demonstrated conducted 3). Finally, bilingual...

Two competing theoretical models to explain academic performance were proposed. The interference model stresses the detrimental effect of task-irrelevant thoughts during test-taking situation whereas deficit suggests Study Habits and domain-specific skills as main predictors test performance.The study compares two by determining relative contribution Test Anxiety, Habits, Maths Skill in a statistics exam.Sixty-six undergraduate students who enrolled first semester parallel introductory...

According to the probability misjudgment account of paranormal belief (Blackmore & Troscianko, 1985), believers in tend wrongly attribute remarkable coincidences causes rather than chance. Previous studies have shown that is indeed positively related error rates probabilistic reasoning. General cognitive ability could for a relationship between these two variables without assuming causal role reasoning forming beliefs, however. To test this alternative explanation, scale (BPS) and battery...

Participants responded to pairs of words under different processing goals. In the first four experiments, they identified attributes second word each pair. Priming effects irrelevant evaluations occurred if and only goal was identify valence word. Equivalent goal-dependent priming were found for nonevaluative pairs. set participants made same-different comparisons on Irrespective which (nonevaluative) task-relevant, occurred. goal-independent irrelevant, not found. A ninth study crucial both...

Even though the validity of self-reports sensitive behaviors is threatened by social desirability bias, interviews and questionnaires are widely used in epidemiologic surveys on these topics.In randomized-response technique, a randomization device to determine whether participants asked respond truthfully or they prompted provide prespecified response. In this study, technique was extended using cheating-detection modification obtain more valid data. The survey dental hygiene habits Chinese...