This book is designed for the junior-senior thermodynamics course given in all departments as a standard part of curriculum. The devoted to discussion some basic physical concepts and methods useful description situations involving systems which consist very many particulars. It attempts, particular, introduce reader disciplines thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, kinetic theory from unified modern point view. presentation emphasizes essential unity subject matter develops insight by...

We present a novel approach to the control of selectivity reaction products. The central idea is that in two-photon or multiphoton process resonant with an excited electronic state, state potential energy surface can be used assist chemistry on ground surface. By controlling delay between pair ultrashort (femtosecond) laser pulses, it possible propagation time Different times, turn, generate different chemical There are many cases for which product formation should using this scheme....

We introduce a novel spectroscopic technique which utilizes two-pulse sequence of femtosecond duration phase-locked optical laser pulses to resonantly excite vibronic transitions molecule. In contrast with other ultrafast pump–probe methods, in this experiment definite phase angle between the is maintained while varying interpulse delay interferometric precision. For cases in-phase, in-quadrature, and out-of-phase pulse pairs, respectively, controlled positions that are integer, integer plus...

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We report the results of studies various aspects counter diabatic field paradigm, a recipe that generates adiabatic population transfer between levels by assisting given so total approximation suggests for field. The sensitivity this to pulse parameters and Gaussian stochastic phase fluctuations fields has been investigated. Ladder-climbing vibrational nonrotating Morse oscillator is examined, numerical demonstration efficiency scheme given.

We report a study of the classical scattering point particle from three hard circular discs in plane, which we propose as model an idealized unimolecular fragmentation. The system possesses fractal and chaotic metastable state. On basis coding dynamics, develop method to construct invariant probability measure calculate escape rate, Hausdorff dimension, Kolmogorov–Sinai entropy per unit time mean largest Lyapunov exponent repellor. relations between these characteristics dynamics are...

X-ray diffraction data show that there are at least two forms of amorphous solid water which differ in density and second nearest-neighbor oxygen–oxygen distribution. (a) The lower form, made 77 °K, has a pattern consistent with structure tetrahedral symmetry on average, nearest neighbor O–O separation 2.76 Å small dispersion. this material is estimated to be 0.94 g cm−3. While it not possible uniquely define the structure, available support notion its fundamental characteristic existence...

The self-diffusion coefficients of Ar, Kr, Xe, and CH4 have been measured as functions temperature pressure the data used to examine critically current theories diffusion. It is found that: (1) Xe fit one corresponding states relationship, this relationship differs from that needed observed diffusion CH4. For Xe: logD̃=0.05+0.07p̃−(1/T̃)(1.04+0.1p̃),with D̃, T̃, p̃ reduced coefficient, pressure. (2) free volume theory inadequate describe our observations. (3) activation for third molar...

The theory of self-diffusion in a crystal via the vacancy mechanism is investigated from detailed dynamical model. It shown that parameters which determine diffusion coefficient can be defined terms normal coordinates crystal. effects lattice imperfections are considered explicitly formulation mode analysis, but no analysis given. correlation motion atoms and some comments on physical nature contributions to enthalpy entropy activation presented.

There has been much progress in the control of chemical reactions since methods active were first proposed by Brumer & Shapiro and Tannor Rice ten years ago. This chapter reviews both theoretical experimental advances field. Control schemes based on quantum mechanical interference between competing paths manipulation wave packets with tailored laser pulses are discussed. The theory optimal control, limitations applied to many-body dynamics, effects constraints trajectory controlled...

We report the results of direct measurements, using video microscopy in combination with optical tweezers, constrained diffusion an isolated uncharged PMMA sphere a density-matched fluid confined between two parallel flat walls. Our experimental methodology allows us to study hindered as explicit function its distance from walls, without interference sedimentation or electrostatic interaction particle and The measured coefficients are used test predictions wall drag effect predicted by...

The control of population transfer can be affected by the adiabatic evolution a system under influence an applied field. If field is too rapidly varying or weak, conditions for are not satisfactorily met. We report results analysis properties counterdiabatic fields (CDFs) that restore dynamics suppressing diabatic effects as they generated. observe CDF unique and find one has minimum intensity, we provide natural upper lower bounds to integrated intensity in terms integrals eigenvalues...

The results of an experimental investigation luminescence and energy trapping in the polymeric systems atactic isotactic polystyrene polyvinylnaphthalene are presented. It is shown that anomalous emission bands observed at 3350 Å polystyrenes 4100 transitions from excimer state formed by interaction nearby chromophores on same polymer chain. In support this interpretation, spectra a number model compounds diphenylalkane paracyclophane series presented analyzed. role charge-transfer-state...