Preface Acknowledgements 1. Introduction 2. Reductionism and the nature of explanations 3. Discovery: solving biological problems 4. Scientific inference: testing hypotheses 5. Experimental systems: a life their own? 6. Model organisms: flies elephants 7. Reference conceptual change: out Mendel's garden? 8. Developmental biology genetic program: explaining ontogeny 9. realism: in search truth Notes Bibliography Index.

NAD+ had a biphasic effect on the NADH oxidase activity in electron transport particles from Mycobacterium phlei. The was inhibited competitively by at concentrations above 0.05 mM. 0.02 to mM resulted maximum stimulation of both oxidation and oxygen uptake with substrate below apparent K-M. Oxygen cyanide sensitivity indicated that stimulatory linked terminal respiratory chain. specific for NAD+. also protecting during heating 50 degrees against inactivation storage 0 degrees....

Background Studies investigating structural brain abnormalities in depression have typically employed a categorical rather than dimensional approach to [i.e. comparing subjects with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-defined major depressive disorder (MDD) v . healthy controls]. The National Institute Health, through their Research Domain Criteria initiative, has encouraged the study psychopathology as opposed an over-reliance on (e.g. DSM-based) diagnostic...

Abstract Plants hypoploid for specific segments of each the maize (Zea mays L.) chromosomes were generated using 24 different B-A translocations. carrying translocations crossed as male parents to inbreds, and sibling progeny or not chromosomal recovered. Genomic DNAs from parents, progeny, nonhypoploid (euploid hyperploid) these digested with restriction enzymes, electrophoresed in agarose gels, blotted onto reusable nylon membranes, probed nick-translated, cloned DNA fragments which had...

This article examines the role of experimental generalizations and physical laws in neuroscientific explanations, using Hodgkin Huxley's electrophysiological model from 1952 as a test case. I show that fact was partly fitted to data did not affect its explanatory status, nor false mechanistic assumptions made by Huxley. The satisfies two important criteria status: it contains invariant is modular (both James Woodward's sense). Further, argue there sense which heteronomy thesis holds true for this

Digital technology can change the customer journey from a regular experience (CX) into digital CX where touchpoints are supported by means.However, focus on merely may be risky because is dependent what occurs at other than those that digital.Some experts assert exerts small influence total (TCX).In this paper, we discuss whether strategic beneficial or disadvantageous to company operates online.In addition, consider conditions must contemplate in evaluating if has more impact TCX.The paper...

Abstract A triphosphopyridine nucleotide-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase from Salmonella typhimurium has been shown to be inhibited by purine nucleoside di- and triphosphates. Other nucleotides do not have the same capacity inhibit reaction, presence of both a nucleus pyrophosphate moiety seems necessary. The appear dual action. At low concentration they are competitive inhibitors TPN+, at higher primarily isocitrate. Evaluation kinetic data indicates distinct difference in mechanism...

Going back at least to Duhem, there is a tradition of thinking that crucial experiments are impossible in science. I analyse Duhem's arguments and show they based on the excessively strong assumption only deductive reasoning permissible experimental This opens possibility some principle inductive inference could provide sufficient reason for preferring one among group hypotheses basis an appropriately controlled experiment. To be sure, analogues problems pertain inference. Using famous...

I present an attempt at explication of the ecological theory interspecific competition, including its explanatory role in community ecology and evolutionary biology. The account given is based on idea that law-like statements play important scientific theories this kind. suggest principle competitive exclusion such a law, it invariant. principle's empirical status defended implications for ongoing debates existence biological laws are discussed.

Experimental modeling in biology involves the use of living organisms (not necessarily so-called model organisms) order to or simulate biological processes. I argue here that experimental is a bona fide form scientific plays an epistemic role distinct from ordinary experiments. What distinguishes them experiments they what call “in vivo representations,” where one kind causal process used stand for physically different process. discuss advantages this approach context evolutionary biology.

Abstract A soluble TPN+-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase has been isolated from Crithidia fasciculata. Although this enzyme obeys classical Michaelis-Menten kinetics, it shown to be inhibited by nucleoside triphosphates. kinetic study, with ATP as a model inhibitor, indicated that the nucleotide acted at locus separate catalytic site of enzyme. Both purine or pyrimidine and β γ-phosphate group were required for inhibition enzyme, since mono- diphosphates not inhibitory. The nucleotides did...

Recent discussion of the statistical character evolutionary theory has centered around two positions: (1) Determinism combined with claim that is eliminable, a subjective interpretation probability, and instrumentalism; (2) Indeterminism ineliminable, propensity realism. I point out some internal problems in these positions show relationship between determinism, eliminability, realism, probability more complex than previously assumed this debate. Furthermore, take initial steps towards...

Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) was solubilized from membranes of Mycobacterium phlei by Triton X-100 with a recovery about 90%. The SDH purified 90-fold Sephacryl S-300, DEAE-cellulose, hydroxylapatite, and isoelectric focusing in the presence 20% recovery. homogeneous, as determined polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis nondenaturing gels containing X-100. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide enzyme revealed two subunits molecular weights 62,000 26,000. is flavoprotein 1 mol flavin adenine...

I examine to what extent accounts of mechanisms based on formal interventionist theories causality can adequately represent biological with complex dynamics. Using a differential equation model for circadian clock mechanism as an example, first show that there exists iterative solution be interpreted structural causal model. Thus, in principle, it is possible integrate difference-making information dynamical information. However, the itself lacks right modularity properties full integration....