The polarities of a wide range ionic liquids have been determined using the Kamlet–Taft empirical polarity scales α, β and π*, with dye set Reichardt's Dye, N,N-diethyl-4-nitroaniline 4-nitroaniline. These compared to measurements these parameters different sets scales. results emphasise importance recognising role that nature solute plays in determining It is particularly noted based upon charged solutes can give very values for those neutral probes. Finally, effects commonplace impurities...

The conversion of fructose, glucose, and sucrose to 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural (HMF) levulinic acid (LA)/formic (FA) was investigated in detail using sulfuric as the catalyst γ-valerolactone (GVL) a green solvent. H2SO4/GVL/H2O system can be tuned produce either HMF or LA/FA by changing concentration thus allowing selective switching between products. Although best yields were around 75%, ranged from 50% 70%, depending on structure carbohydrates reaction parameters, including temperature,...

Solvents and solutions are ubiquitous in chemistry. For instance, synthesis the solvent allows reagents to mix intimately so that reactions between these may occur. Consequently, understanding how solutes behave has been one of major themes chemistry throughout its history. Ionic liquids (liquid salts) an exciting recent addition range available solvents. Here we show solvents interact with dissolved salts give completely different from those either traditional organic or water. Observations...

The sulfuric acid-catalyzed conversion of paper wastes in gamma-valerolactone (GVL) or dioxane leads to the formation levulinic acid (LA) and formic (FA), which can be converted GVL by transfer-hydrogenation using Shvo catalyst situ separately. isolation LA FA was assisted neutralization with ammonia form a biphasic system. While ammonium sulfate most some were aqueous phase, organic solvent-rich phase contained FA. used as an illuminating liquid glass lamps for hours without noticeable...

In this study, the extractive desulfurization of model fuel oil with ionic liquids (ILs) has been studied in an attempt to gain insights into dominant forces controlling extraction efficiencies aromatic sulfur compounds, thiophene and dibenzothiophene. This work investigates intrinsic properties a series common ILs based on constant (molar) amount IL directly draw each IL's capability. Experimentally both cation anion size influenced efficiency extraction, following trend pyridinium >...

SummaryThe exploration of renewable alternatives to fossil fuels for chemical production is indispensable achieve the ultimate goals sustainable development. Chitin biomass an abundant platform feedstock that naturally bears both nitrogen and carbon atoms produce nitrogen-containing chemicals (including organonitrogen ones inorganic ammonia). The expansion biobased toward can elevate economic competitiveness benefit biorefinery scheme. This review aims provide up-to-date summary on overall...

Certain insects, such as mealworms ( Tenebrio molitor ), have shown the ability to effectively biodecompose plastic waste under environmentally benign conditions. However, sustaining this biodecomposition within insect populations presents challenges, high mortality rates and relatively slow decomposition limit viability of large‐scale recycling. To enhance process, protein‐rich nutritional additives are usually necessary. Despite this, there has been little guidance on selecting suitable...

Ionic liquids (ILs) have been suggested as useful extractants of aromatic nitrogen-containing compounds (N compounds) from fuel oils. In this systematic study, ILs based on common cations and anions are employed the archetypical N pyridine indole a model oil consisting decane toluene. The performance these is compared rationalized. It demonstrated that cation anion sizes (offering more surface area for to interact) major factors determining effectiveness compound extraction, although...

Selective oxidation of styrene to desired products is essential and challenging. In this study, we elucidate a unique pathway for the selective polystyrene peroxo species, catalyzed by cobalt(III) tert-butylperoxo complex, [CoIII(OOtBu)(qpy)(NCCH3)]2+ (1), under ambient conditions. Mechanistic investigations, including structural determination diperoxo [CoIII(qpy)(OOCH(Ph)CH2OOtBu)(NCCH3)]2+ (2), X-ray analysis theoretical calculations reveal that reaction begins with nucleophilic addition...

Abstract The catalytic depolymerization of Kraft lignin in supercritical ethanol was explored the presence Mo 2 C‐ and MoS ‐based catalysts. At 280 °C, C C/Al O 3 afforded aromatic yields 425 419 mg g −1 lignin, respectively: amongst highest reported to date. Ionic–liquid–assisted delamination resulted highly active catalysts, capable quantitative conversion at expense yield (approximately 186 lignin). Across all catalysts studied, between 0.04 wt % 0.38 molybdenum leached into solution...

Abstract Using both experimental and computational methods, focusing on intermediates model compounds, some of the main features reaction mechanisms that operate during hydrothermal processing lignin were elucidated. Key pathways their connection to different structural proposed. Under neutral conditions, subcritical water was demonstrated act as a bifunctional acid/base catalyst for dissection structures. In complex web mutually dependent interactions, guaiacyl units within shown...

The complete conservation of the carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms cellulose starch can theoretically be achieved by their conversion to levulinic formic acids. Similarly, hemicellulose converted furfural water with 100% atom economy. valorization carbohydrates agricultural residues (banana-, orange-, potato-peels, corn leaf root, rice husk), potential components raw food wastes (corn, rice, potato, lettuce, onion, leek, vegetable, bean, tomato), cooked (rice noodle, spaghetti, risotto,...

Levulinic acid (LA) and γ-valerolactone (GVL) are considered valuable platform chemicals that can be derived from various types of biomass ranging food wastes to agricultural residues. Herein, the valorization exoskeletons crustaceans in seafood into LA, GVL, acetic (AA), ammonium (NH4)+ was studied including catalytic mechanistic aspects. Chitin used as a model compound optimize conditions for converting using (AA) GVL bio-originated renewable solvents. The same were applied convert...

Abstract Biomass has been identified as the ultimate sustainable resource for all carbon‐based consumer products of chemical industries in future. Its catalytic conversion leads to formation various platform chemicals that could partially or even fully replace fossil‐based building blocks have currently used synthetic processes. Among these compounds, levulinic acid (LA) recognized a member “Top Value Added Chemicals from Biomass” and attracted significant attention since seminal paper...

Dihydroxybenzene derivatives were methylated with dimethyl carbonate to generate useful synthetic intermediates for wide range of applications.

Dimethyl sulfide, a major byproduct of the Kraft pulping process, was used as an inexpensive and sustainable catalyst/co-reagent (methyl donor) for various methylations with dimethyl carbonate (as both reagent solvent), which afforded excellent yields O-methylated phenols benzoic acids, mono-C-methylated arylacetonitriles. Furthermore, these products could be isolated using remarkably straightforward workup purification procedure, realized by sulfide's neutral distillable nature absence...

Abstract An easily prepared masked N ‐heterocyclic carbene, 1,3‐dimethylimidazolium‐2‐carboxylate (DMI‐CO 2 ), was investigated as a “green” and inexpensive organocatalyst for the alkylation of phenols. The process made use various low‐toxicity renewable alkylating agents, such dimethyl‐ diethyl carbonate, in focused microwave reactor. DMI‐CO found to be very active catalyst excellent yields range aryl alkyl ethers were obtained under relatively benign conditions. observed difference...

Liquid packaging boards are widely used for beverage packaging, but their complex composition poses challenges recycling. These composites occasionally recycled through hydropulping. However, this method only allows partial recovery of the paperboard and produces a reject mixture aluminium, plastics, residual paper fiber. This study demonstrates first process to purify all main components carton waste derived from commercial pulp mill using solvent-targeted recycling with multiple green...

Nonafluoro-t-butyl propyl (1), allyl (2), and propargyl (3) ethers as well 1,2-bis(nonafluoro-t-butoxy)ethane (4), 1,3-bis(nonafluoro-t-butoxy)-propane (5), 1,4-bis(nonafluoro-t-butoxy)-butane (6) were prepared by the reaction of sodium nonafluoro-t-butoxide (7) with corresponding alkyl halides in good yields. Their fluorous partition coefficients toxicity also investigated. Computational studies have shown that 4, 5 6 exist a monomeric form MeOH–CF3C6F11 they likely aggregate to oligomers...

2-Methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MeTHF) is found to be highly beneficial as the extractant or co-solvent for hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) processes.

Abstract By using lignin model compounds with relevant key characteristic structural features, the reaction pathways of α‐O‐4 aryl ether linkages under hydrothermal conditions are elucidated. Experimental results and computational modeling suggest that in undergo catalyzed hydrolysis elimination to give phenolic alkenylbenzene derivatives as major products subcritical water. The decreased relative permittivity water at these high temperatures pressures facilitates reactions. alkyl group on...

The reactivity and decomposition pathway of models for α-O-4 β-O-4 linkages, found within lignin, have been examined using methoxy-substituted (−OCH3) -unsubstituted (−H) aryl groups under hydrothermal conditions. model compounds readily underwent conversion at comparatively mild temperatures (140–300 °C) short reaction times (5–80 min), in contrast with the containing which required up to 340 °C longer 240 min. Pseudo-first-order rate constants apparent activation energies were calculated...

The reaction kinetics and product formation from a range of hydroxy (−OH) methoxy (−OCH3)-substituted aromatic aldehydes were determined under hydrothermal conditions between 280 360 °C. presence functionalities in the aldehyde led to hydrolytic demethylation reactions, whereas moieties – including those generated by enhanced cleavage formyl group. effect was most prominent with −OH substitution at ortho-positions. A hypothetical pathway which H2O plays role ring is proposed. Aldehyde...