Given the genotypic frequencies for a single gene locus with an arbitrary number of alleles in hypothetically infinite population, probability losing at least one sample genotypes from this population is derived. The sensitivity to changes heterozygotes and has been investigated proved be accord intuitive expectations. Least upper bounds probability, cases where only allelic or minimum frequency alpha known, have found correspondence these situation sampling gametes rather than pointed out....

Abstract The problem of measuring distances between discrete frequency distributions is considered. Three conditions are stated, which believed to reflect basic, intuitive requirements be met by a distance measure the above kind with particular reference genetic distributions. These chiefly concern aspects maximum and linearity. It shown that exactly one function meets conditions, this function, having all properties metric, explicitly given.

ABSTRACT General conditions for the protectedness of gene-cytoplasm polymorphisms are considered a biallelic model with two cytoplasm types and under assumption that nuclear cannot be maintained in presence only one type. Analytical results involving male fertilities, female viabilities selfing rates obtained, numerical show spiral cyclic behavior population trajectories. It is shown maternally inherited cytoplasmic polymorphism absence polymorphism, can if shows sexual asymmetry, i.e.,...

Abstract The conclusions drawn from studies of genetic differentiation among populations largely determine our understanding ecological and population processes. These basically depend on the applied type marker method measuring estimating differentation. However, concerns have been raised about conceptual appropriateness common methods differentiation. present paper contributes to clarification problems involved by recalling characteristics F ST (= G ), specifying basic tests major causal...

ABSTRACT Gynodioecy is apparently frequently inherited through gene-cytoplasm interactions. General conditions for the protectedness of polymorphisms a biallelic model with two cytoplasm types were obtained previously, and these are applied to seven special cases interactions controlling gynodioecy involving dominance. It assumed that nuclear cannot be maintained in one type only. held pure cytoplasmic inheritance without unlikely, it shown easier establish than purely gynodioecy, monogenic...

Generally speaking, the term differentiation refers to differences between collections for distribution of specified traits their members, while diversity deals with (effective) numbers trait states (types). Counting types implies discrete such as alleles and genotypes in population genetics or species taxa ecology. Comparisons concepts therefore primarily refer traits. Diversity is related through idea that total a subdivided collection should be composed within subcollections complement...

Summary Dispersion and diversity are two variants of the notion biological variation that often not properly distinguished even though they address intrinsically disparate aspects. focuses on assessment (variable) differences among individuals or types, while numbers distinct types. Here, ‘type’ is a proxy for entities such as species, genotype phenotype culminating in at highest level resolution. The present paper bridges apparent gap between dispersion by showing how types can be treated...