Objective Detection of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels in ocular tissue may perhaps provide insight into the role VEGF pathogenesis and progression diabetic retinopathy (DR). The aim this study was to evaluate tears serum amongst type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients. Methods A comparative cross-sectional conducted between August 2016 May 2018 involving DM patients with no DR, non-proliferative DR (NPDR), proliferative (PDR). Tear samples were collected using no.41 Whatman...

The coexistence of bilateral vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC), keratoconus, and steroid-induced glaucoma presents a complex ocular challenge, threatening visual acuity long-term eye health. This combination poses significant risks, with VKC keratoconus progressively affecting both eyes while glaucoma, induced by necessary steroid treatments, further complicates the clinical picture. We report case young Malay girl who complained itchiness progressive blurring vision, history frequent...

Giant cell arteritis (GCA), also known as temporal arteritis, is a form of vasculitis that primarily affects the large and medium-sized arteries, which can lead to narrowing or blockage arteries. When GCA involves vital vessels such coronary aorta, cerebral it pose serious risk life. We present case 61-year-old Malay woman with hypertension chronic kidney disease who presented two-day history sudden-onset visual loss in right eye preceded by an inferior field defect for four days associated...

Background. Ocular bartonellosis can present in various ways, with variable visual outcome. There is limited data on ocular Malaysia. Objective. We aim to describe the clinical presentation and outcome of Materials Methods. This was a retrospective review patients treated for two ophthalmology centers Malaysia between January 2013 December 2015. The diagnosis based features, supported by positive Bartonella spp. serology. Results. Of 19 our series, females were predominant (63.2%). mean age...

Introduction The emergence of electronic cigarettes as the "healthier" version smoking has been popular, especially among young adults. However, knowledge about potential effects e-cigarettes on ocular structures is scarce. Objective To compare mean change in dry eye parameters between e-cigarette smokers and non-smokers to correlate with device power output. Methodology A cross-sectional, single-visit study was conducted involving 85 non-smokers. All participants were evaluated parameters,...

Hyphema and orbital apex syndrome occurring concurrently in a patient with herpes zoster ophthalmicus have not been reported previously. We present case these unique findings discuss the pathogenesis of conditions their management.A 59-year-old Malay lady underlying diabetes mellitus presented manifestations left eye. Two weeks later, she developed total hyphema, complete ophthalmoplegia suggestive syndrome. She was treated combination intravenous acyclovir oral corticosteroids, regained...

Ocular sporotrichosis is rare in Malaysia and Southeast Asia increasingly reported endemic areas of Brazil Peru. We describe six cases ocular involving the bulbar conjunctiva lid with a literature review on Asia. In these series, four patients presented similar findings granulomatous lesion at palpebral within 1-3 weeks. There was one case mistakenly diagnosed as conjunctival concretion due to its multiple yellowish nodules another chalazion swelling lower lid. All showed immunocompetence....

Kodamaea ohmeri keratitis is an opportunistic pathogen seen in patients who have undergone invasive procedures and immunocompromised state. It has been identified septicemia patients, resulting mortality. To the best of our knowledge, we first case K. following injury with vegetative material. A 57-year-old woman underlying, poorly controlled diabetes mellitus was gardening when a tree leaf accidentally poked her eye. Two weeks later, patient presented right eye pain, redness progressive...

Successful irido-zonulo-hyaloidotomy in combination with complete pars plana vitrectomy malignant glaucoma may lead to better intraocular pressure (IOP) control and a promising visual outcome. We report case of an 81-year-old woman who presented ten-day history right eye redness blurring vision associated throbbing pain. An ocular examination revealed right-eye acuity (VA) 6/60. The cornea was oedematous shallow anterior chamber (AC) grade 0 (Shaffer's grading) by gonioscopy. at presentation...

Traumatic globe luxation associated with optic nerve avulsion is rare. We describe a case of 42-year-old Indian gentleman who was involved in motor vehicle accident (MVA). He sustained deep laceration wound from the right side nose extending to left medial canthal region and eyelid. The not visualized, only stump seen. A computerized tomography (CT) scan showed dislocated inferotemporal discontinuity nerve, inferior rectus, lateral rectus muscle. There were also comminuted fractures at floor...

Ocular siderosis bulbi is a rare but significant cause of vision impairment in patients with retained ferrous intraocular foreign body (IOFB). In this report, we present two cases ocular manifestations suggestive bulbi. Both presented reduction and were found to have dense cataract, small healed corneal scar, siderotic pigments the anterior chamber. The first case denied any past injury, yet CT scans confirmed presence an IOFB. second case, who had high suspicion trauma, did not...

Optic perineuritis (OPN) refers to the inflammation of optic nerve sheath and it is a rare form idiopathic orbital inflammatory disease. We report case bilateral OPN in an obese female teenager with intracranial hypertension (IIH). She was initially presented painless blurring vision that progressively worsening for three weeks duration. Visual acuity both eyes hand movement no relative afferent pupillary defect detected. The confrontation visual field test showed central scotoma. Both...

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a more prevalent cause of corneal ulcers in developing countries than developed countries. We report five cases attributed to this organism with literature review on bacterial cornea ulcers. Among the patients, four had underlying systemic illnesses while one was otherwise healthy. Four patients were presented visual acuity worse 6/60, and patient 6/18. Two perforation, which required tectonic penetrating keratoplasty. For outcome, two improved acuities 6/24 6/12,...

Introduction: Sildenafil citrate is an effective treatment for erectile dysfunction (ED). Despite established safety profile, its long-term ocular implications remain unclear. We evaluate the relationship between duration of use with retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL), macular and choroidal thickness. Materials methods: A cross-sectional study was done July 2020 June 2021, among 47 ED patients on sildenafil. The subjects fulfilling inclusion criteria underwent optical coherent tomography (OCT)...

To compare the changes of central corneal thickness (CCT) and intraocular pressure (IOP) post-phacoemulsification between cataract patients with without pre-existing glaucoma.A prospective cohort study 86 visually significant cataract: 43 glaucoma (GC group) (CO group). CCT IOP were evaluated at baseline (pre-phacoemulsification), as well 2 hours, 1 day, week 6 weeks post-phacoemulsification.The GC group have significantly thinner pre-operatively (p = 0.003). There was a steady increase...

This article describes the case of a 21-year-old female habitual contact lens wearer who complained left eye pain, redness, and decreased vision for one week. When ring-shaped corneal infiltration indicative an Acanthamoeba infection was discovered, standard anti-amoebic topical therapy with polyhexamethylene biguanide chlorhexidine commenced. However, her keratitis worsened. At same time, scraping revealed no pathogens. An anterior chamber examination loss sensation, positive herpes simplex...

Non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) is the most common cause of in older adults and usually associated with an altitudinal visual field defect. Binasal hemianopia a rare presentation, causes are due to ocular pathology instead brain pathology. It infrequent finding NAION. We report presentation binasal defect patient This case elderly lady underlying uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia who presented sudden onset painless blurring vision left...

This study aims to describe the demographic features, clinical profile, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) status, and visual outcome after completing treatment in patients diagnosed with uveitic syphilis. Methods: A retrospective review was conducted of all cases ocular syphilis from January 2014 December 2019 at ophthalmology clinic Selayang Hospital, Selangor, Malaysia. total 31 were reviewed, collected data included history high-risk behavior, symptoms signs, acuity presentation...

Purpose: We aim to describe the clinical profile and visual outcome of paediatric patients who underwent cataract surgery in a tertiary ophthalmology referral centre West Malaysia from 2013 2018. Methods: This is retrospective review all our 2013-2018. Results: A total 35 eyes 23 were included. There 10 (43.5%) female 13 (56.5%) male patients. Twelve (24 eyes) had bilateral while 11 unilateral cataract. Sixteen (45.7%) congenital cataract, followed by ectopia lentis (n=10, 28.6%), traumatic...

Duane retraction syndrome (DRS) with mechanical and innervational upshoot poses a surgical challenge. We discuss case of DRS its management. An 11-year-old boy presented left eye upward deviation since birth. This was worst on the right gaze. His best corrected visual acuity 6/6 OD 6/60 OS. Refraction showed low hyperopia astigmatism in both eyes. Stereoacuity absent there suppression Worth 4 dot test eye. The had large hypertropia 50 prism diopter primary Extraocular movements severe...

Sporotrichosis is a chronic granulomatous fungal infection caused by Sporothrix schenckii. Inoculation of the fungus through breached skin or mucosa typically results in nodular ulceration cutaneous and subcutaneous tissue as well its draining lymphatic nodules. However, reports on ocular involvement have recently increased. We describe severe case diffuse conjunctivitis involving bulbar palpebral conjunctiva, resulting inevitable damage to limbal stem cells. Isolation S. schenckii from...

Ocular toxoplasmosis has multiple devastating complications with possible recurrence. A potentially blinding complication of ocular is macular pucker. Here, we report a case pucker in treated azithromycin and prednisolone. 35-year-old woman complained central scotoma for six days, which was associated fever, headache, joint pain, myalgia. Her visual acuity counting finger OD 6/18 OS. right eye optic nerve function test impaired. Fundoscopy showed bilateral disc swelling that progressed to...

Pseudo-Foster Kennedy syndrome (PFKS) is defined as unilateral disc oedema with contralateral optic nerve pallor, in the absence of intracranial pathologies. Diabetic papillopathy a rare ocular manifestation diabetes mellitus (DM). We report case PFKS secondary to diabetic young patient type 2 DM who had poor glucose control. There was swelling over right eye and pallor left eye. His visual field assessment showed inferior defect general depression left. Optical coherence tomography retinal...