Autophagy is a bulk degradation process in eukaryotic cells; autophagosomes enclose cytoplasmic components for the lysosome/vacuole. Autophagosome formation requires two ubiquitin-like conjugation systems, Atg12 and Atg8 which are tightly associated with expansion of autophagosomal membrane. Previous studies have suggested that there hierarchy between these systems; system located upstream context Atg protein organization. However, concrete molecular relationship unclear. Here, we show using...

Atg3 is an E2-like enzyme that catalyzes the conjugation of Atg8 and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). The Atg8-PE conjugate essential for autophagy, which bulk degradation process cytoplasmic components by vacuolar/lysosomal system. We report here crystal structure Saccharomyces cerevisiae at 2.5-A resolution. has alpha/beta-fold, its core region topologically similar to canonical E2 enzymes. two regions inserted in region, one consists approximately 80 residues a random coil solution another...

The mammalian mitochondrial ribosome (mitoribosome) has a highly protein-rich composition with small sedimentation coefficient of 55 S, consisting 39 S large and 28 subunits. In the previous study, we analyzed subunit proteins from bovine mitoribosome (Suzuki, T., Terasaki, M., Takemoto-Hori, C., Hanada, Ueda, Wada, A., Watanabe, K. (2001) <i>J. Biol. Chem.</i> 276, 21724–21736). results suggested structural compensation for rRNA deficit through increased molecular mass in mitoribosome. We...

The mammalian mitochondrial ribosome (mitoribosome) is a highly protein-rich particle in which almost half of the rRNA contained bacterial replaced with proteins. It known that translation factors can function on both and Escherichia coliribosomes, indicating protein components mitoribosome compensate reduced chain to make bacteria-type ribosome. To elucidate molecular basis this compensation, we analyzed bovine mitoribosomal large subunit proteins; 31 proteins were identified including 15...

All medically useful antibiotics should have the potential to distinguish between target microbes (bacteria) and host cells. Although many that bacterial protein synthesis show little effect on translation machinery of eukaryotic cytoplasm, it is unclear whether these or not mitochondrial machinery. We employed an in vitro system from bovine mitochondria, which consists ribosomes elongation factors, estimate mitichondrial synthesis. Tetracycline thiostrepton showed similar inhibitory effects...

MINT‐7010457: ATG8 (uniprotkb:P38182) and ATG3 (uniprotkb:P40344) bind (MI:0407) by biochemical (MI:0401)

AbstractAtg12, a post-translational modifier, is activated and conjugated to Atg5 by ubiquitin-like conjugation system, though it has no obvious sequence homology ubiquitin. The Atg12-Atg5 conjugate essential for autophagy, an intracellular bulk degradation process. Here, we show that the carboxyl-terminal region of Atg12 predicted fold into structure necessary sufficient both which indicates domain autophagy resides in ubiquitin-fold region. We further two hydrophobic residues within are...

Background Metazoan mitochondrial (mt) tRNAs are structurally quite different from the canonical cloverleaf secondary structure. The mammalian mt tRNA Ser GCU for AGY codons (Y = C or U) lacks entire D arm, whereas UGA UCN (N A, G, has an extended anti‐codon stem. It been a long‐standing problem to prove experimentally how these work in translation system. Results To solve above‐mentioned problem, we examined their translational abilities vitro bovine system using transcripts of altered...

Abstract Background Appropriate goal‐oriented treatment strategies are important for optimal outcomes and may prevent under‐treatment. As goals vary by patient, a study to examine is more meaningful when patients their physicians paired. There has not been any that examines alignment between paired psoriasis in real‐world clinical practice using skin clearance as goal indicator. Objectives To evaluate physicians, quantitatively identify factors associated with misalignment. Methods The was...

Real-world evidence on persistence of interleukin-17 inhibitors (IL-17i) as a drug class among Japanese patients with psoriasis is lacking. Hence, we aimed to describe rates IL-17is including vulgaris (PsO), psoriatic arthritis (PsA), and generalized pustular (GPP) or erythrodermic (EP) in Japan.We analyzed claims data from the Medical Data Vision database. Patients ≥15 years old diagnosis an IL-17i prescription between November 2016 August 2020 were included followed through 2021....

Objectives High treatment satisfaction in both patients and physicians is an important factor improving quality of life psoriasis patients. This study aimed to evaluate alignment between identify factors associated with misalignment, especially "physician-predominant" misalignment.Methods a nationwide multicenter cross-sectional study. Subjects were paired moderate severe outpatients their physicians. Treatment was evaluated on scale from 0 10. defined as "misaligned" when the difference...

Mammalian mitochondrial translation system requires two serine isoacceptor tRNAs, tRNA(Ser)GCU and tRNA(Ser)UGA, which correspond to codons AGY (Y = U or C) UCN (N A, G, C U), respectively. Each tRNA has unusual secondary structure; lacks the entire D arm, while tRNA(Ser)UGA a slightly varied cloverleaf structure with an extended anticodon stem. The activity of these tRNAs(Ser) was examined by using their transcripts produced T7 RNA polymerase in vitro system, showing that much lower ability...