Factor allocation has an important impact on production efficiency, and this study discusses factor misallocation proposes optimized method that could improve efficiency reduce inputs. Under a multi-industry competitive equilibrium model, by introducing distortion tax represents frictions inputs (capital, labor, energy, other intermediate consumption), we define price indexes to measure set the standardized comprehensive index at optimal value of one obtain each factor. Using actual inputs,...

Trade facilitation is essential to lowering overall trade costs and increasing economic returns on both the multilateral regional levels. also an integral part of agreements has become important component Belt Road Initiative (BRI). This paper adopts a time-varying stochastic frontier gravity model inefficiency assigns values different provisions construct relevant indicators assess impacts World Organization Facilitation Agreement (WTO TFA) (RTAs) efficiency between China BRI countries, as...

The global food market's escalating volatility has led to a complex network of uncertainty and risk transmission across different grain markets. This study utilizes the Time-Varying Parameter Vector Autoregression (TVP-VAR)-Connectedness approach analyze price dynamics key grains, including wheat, maize, rice, barley, peanut, soybean, soybean meal, their dynamic spillover directions, intensity, network. By integrating TVP-VAR-Connectedness model, this research captures time-varying...

A fast-changing global landscape highlights the importance of understanding spatial price dynamics in key international markets such as China, especially era COVID-19 pandemic with food trade and system experiencing an unprecedented challenge. Nowadays, New Zealand’s dominant position China’s dairy import market is being challenged by European Union (EU) exporters leading to intensified competition. Using monthly export data skim milk powder (SMP), we applied threshold cointegration models...

The dairy sector in the European Union (EU) has experienced policy changes and market shocks recently. Using global vector autoregressive (GVAR) model, this paper explores regional integration, feedback between price dynamics, link EU's cheese export markets energy market. This assesses compares which influencing factors are typically associated with intra-EU extra-EU movement regards to crude oil price, farm-gate raw milk consumer index (CPI) for food production of six representative EU...

The sustainable economic development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt is a significant part China’s regional strategy. article selects panel data from 11 provinces region 2004 to 2020 and constructs spatial model threshold effect investigate impact energy technological innovation on real economy this region. result indicates that plays significantly beneficial role in supporting local economy, while its spillover neighboring not significant. Energy has negative both provinces. Such shaped...

The COVID-19 pandemic has drastically challenged urban food systems, hurt the resilience and fundamental function of systems also accelerated trends digitization changing preferences consumers in cities. This research conducted a qualitative analysis discourses, actions interactions different actors China during using an actor-oriented approach discourse analysis. finds that stricter regulations policies have been implemented by governments to regulate supply chain ensure human health. Local...

Recently, the world has experienced striking economic and policy changes, subsequent uncertainties have impacts on dairy trade price fluctuations. The Global Vector Autoregressive (GVAR) methodology was established in this paper to better understand international butter export prices transmission, feedback between context changes fluctuations, link global market, energy other commodity markets. We assessed which key factors are typically associated with movements regards shocks crude oil...

This study aims to investigate the impact of ICT capital services on economic growth and energy efficiency in China at both national industrial levels during period 2000–2020. To achieve this aim, introduces a measurement method for services, explores ICT’s contributions growth, analyzes efficiency. The empirical results indicate that although scale is relatively small, accounting only 8.87% total 2020, its rate faster than non-ICT distribution varies widely among different industries....