To gain insight into the function of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) isoforms in rodents, we disrupted ligand-binding domain alpha isoform mouse PPAR (mPPAR alpha) by homologous recombination. Mice homozygous for mutation lack expression mPPAR protein and yet are viable fertile exhibit no detectable gross phenotypic defects. Remarkably, these animals do not display proliferator pleiotropic response when challenged with classical proliferators, clofibrate Wy-14,643....

Fractalkine (CX3CL1), a CX3C chemokine, is expressed in the vessel wall and mediates firm adhesion chemotaxis of leukocytes expressing its receptor, CX3CR1. A polymorphism CX3CR1 gene associated with low expression reduced risk acute coronary disease humans.We generated CX3CR1-deficient mice (CX3CR1(-/-)) by targeted disruption crossed them proatherogenic apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE(-/-)). Here we show that extent lipid-stained lesions thoracic aorta was 59% CX3CR1/apoE double knockout...

CC chemokine receptor 1 (CCR1) is expressed in neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, and eosinophils, binds the leukocyte chemoattractant hematopoiesis regulator macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, as well several related chemokines. Four other CCR subtypes are known; their specificities overlap with, but not identical to, CCR1, suggesting that CCR1 has both redundant specific biologic roles. To test this, we have developed CCR1-deficient mice (−/−) by targeted gene disruption. Although...

During pituitary organogenesis, the progressive differentiation of distinct pituitary-specific cell lineages from a common primordium involves series developmental decisions and inductive interactions. Targeted gene disruption in mice showed that Lhx3, LIM homeobox expressed throughout development, is essential for proliferation lineages. In homozygous Lhx3 mutation, Rathke's pouch formed but failed to grow differentiate; such lacked both anterior intermediate lobes pituitary. The...

N-formylpeptides derive from bacterial and mitochondrial proteins, bind to specific receptors on mammalian phagocytes. Since binding induces chemotaxis activation of phagocytes in vitro, it has been postulated that N-formylpeptide receptor signaling vivo may be important antimicrobial host defense, although direct proof lacking. Here we test this hypothesis mice lacking the high affinity (FPR), created by targeted gene disruption. FPR-/- developed normally, but had increased susceptibility...

The rational modification of porous and single‐crystalline silico surfaces is particular interest for technologies based on silicon. Porous silicon, such as the layer shown in Figure, has many potential technological applications. In this review chemical reactions developed Si surface modification, both extensions chemistry molecular compounds to new are treated. magnified image

The ζ subunit of the T cell antigen receptor complex is required for targeting nascent complexes to surface and receptor-mediated signal transduction. To examine significance in development, mice deficient expression were generated by gene targeting. These -/- had few CD4 + CD8 thymocytes, generation single positive cells was impaired but not completely abrogated. Peripheral present unusual that they expressed small amounts CD5 receptors. Thus, chain influences thymocyte differentiation...

Formation of the mammalian secondary palate is a highly regulated and complex process whose impairment often results in cleft palate, common birth defect both humans animals. Loss-of-function analysis has linked growing number genes to this process. Here we report that Lhx8, recently identified LIM homeobox gene, expressed mesenchyme mouse palatal structures throughout their development. To test function Lhx8 vivo, generated mutant with targeted deletion gene. Our animals revealed crucial...

We utilized the Cre/<i>lox</i> recombination system to develop first knock-in murine model for osteogenesis imperfecta (OI). The moderately severe OI phenotype was obtained from an α1(I) Gly³⁴⁹ → Cys substitution in type I collagen, reproducing mutation a IV child. introduced four single nucleotide (nt) changes into col1a1 exon 23: disease causing G→T transversion (nt 1546), adjacent change 1551) generate GUC ribozyme cleavage site, and two transversions 1567 C→A nt 1569 C→G)...

Neutropenia and neutrophil dysfunction are common in many diseases, although their etiology is often unclear. Previous views held that there was a single ER enzyme, glucose-6-phosphatase–α (G6Pase-α), whose activity — limited to the liver, kidney, intestine solely responsible for final stages of gluconeogenesis glycogenolysis, which glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) hydrolyzed glucose release blood. Recently, we characterized second G6Pase activity, G6Pase-β (also known as G6PC), also capable...

Despite myriads of biological activities ascribed to uteroglobin (UG), a steroid-inducible secreted protein, its physiological functions are unknown. Mice in which the gene was disrupted had severe renal disease that associated with massive glomerular deposition predominantly multimeric fibronectin (Fn). The molecular mechanism normally prevents Fn appears involve high-affinity binding UG form Fn-UG heteromers counteract self-aggregation, is required for abnormal tissue deposition. Thus,...

Light-induced reactions of Si surfaces with carboxylic acids to generate ester-modified are studied. The reaction proceeds by photoelectrochemical oxidation porous or (100)-oriented single-crystal n-type in formic, acetic, trifluoroacetic acid electrolyte solutions. products at the surface identified Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Derivatization esters reduces photoluminescence intensity Si. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) derivatized is used confirm compositional and...

Abstract Members of the CSF cytokine family play important roles in macrophage recruitment and activation. However, role M-CSF pulmonary infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis is not clear. In this study, we show lungs mice infected M. displayed a progressive decrease contrast to increasing levels GM-CSF. Restoring during resulted significant presence foamy macrophages increased expression CCR7 MHC class II, specifically on alveolar macrophages. response M-CSF, also their T...

Mice infected for 60 days with Mycobacterium tuberculosis were treated aerosolized XCL1-targeting small interfering RNA (siRNA) to induce local and transient suppression of XCL1/lymphotactin (an important chemokine in tuberculoid granuloma formation). The pulmonary siRNA therapy resulted a 50% decrease the total amount xcl1 gene transcripts at 3 days, 40 protein 5 after treatment. Reduced XCL1 expression lungs was associated decreased numbers T lymphocytes, reduction IFN-gamma response,...

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPhotoderivatization of the Surface Luminescent Porous Silicon with Formic AcidEric J. Lee, James S. Ha, and Michael SailorCite this: Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 31, 8295–8296Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00136a038https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00136a038research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle...

Formation of precise neuronal connections requires proper axon guidance. Microtubules (MTs) the growth cone provide a critical driving force during navigation growing ends axons. Pioneer MTs and their plus-end tracking proteins (+TIPs) are thought to play integrative roles this navigation. TACC3 is + TIP that we have previously implicated in regulating MT dynamics within However, role guidance has not been explored. Here, show required promote persistent outgrowth prevent spontaneous...

Abstract Methods in protein design have made it possible to create large and complex, self‐assembling cages with diverse applications. These largely been based on highly symmetric forms exemplified by the Platonic solids. Prospective applications of would be expanded strategies for breaking designed symmetry, example, so that only one or a few (instead many) copies an exterior domain motif might displayed their surfaces. Here we demonstrate straightforward approach creating symmetry‐broken...

Visible light emission from porous silicon can be stimulated by applying a positive bias to formic acid/sodium formate liquid junction cell. The lasts for 45 min at +2.75 V applied potential (&amp;lt;5 mA/cm2, power conversion efficiency ≳10−2%) and is reliably generated n- or p-type silicon. An voltage as low 1.3 capable of generating the red (720 nm) emission, indicating that current-induced chemical reactions aid in generation charge carriers. A mechanism involving oxidation acid followed...

Abstract Glucose‐6‐phosphatase‐α (G6Pase‐α or G6PC) catalyzes the hydrolysis of glucose‐6‐phosphate to glucose and is a key enzyme in interprandial homeostasis. Mutations human G6PC gene, expressed primarily liver, kidney, intestine, cause glycogen storage disease Type Ia (GSD‐Ia), an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by disturbed For better understanding roles G6Pase‐α different tissues pathological conditions, we have generated mice harboring conditional null allele for G6pc...

Light induced surface reactions of reverse-biased n-type porous Si with H 2O, CH3OH or CF3COOH are studied by diffuse reflectance and transmission Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The goal this work is to identify reagents which will react the irradiated, electron deficient but not non-irradiated, neutral Si. anode in an electrochemical cell desired reagent present as electrolyte solution. H2O/0.5M NaCl found both light dark form native oxide. CH 3OH/0.1M NaBF4 generates a small...

Methods in protein design have made it possible to create large and complex, self-assembling cages with diverse applications. These largely been based on highly symmetric forms exemplified by the Platonic solids. Prospective applications of would be expanded strategies for breaking designed symmetry,