Abstract Background Biological processes are carried out by coordinated modules of interacting molecules. As clustering methods demonstrate that genes with similar expression display increased likelihood being associated a common functional module, networks coexpressed provide one framework for assigning gene function. This has informed the guilt-by-association (GBA) heuristic, widely invoked in genomics. Yet although idea GBA is accepted, breadth applicability uncertain. Results We...

Abstract To metastasize, carcinoma cells must attenuate cell–cell adhesion to disseminate into distant organs. A group of transcription factors, including Twist1, Snail1, Snail2, ZEB1, and ZEB2, have been shown induce epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), thus promoting tumor dissemination. However, it is unknown whether these factors function independently or coordinately activate the EMT program. Here we report that direct induction Snail2 essential for Twist1 EMT. knockdown completely...

We develop methodologies to obtain accurate measurements of shear wave splitting and apply these techniques examine the pattern oceanic upper mantle anisotropy. To high‐quality estimates receiver at island stations, we devise a stacking method that finds optimum parameters 95% error region for teleseismic shear‐wave phases from suite earthquake events. additional in regions, measure errors SS sample anisotropy their bounce points. However, find data are often low resolution, anomalous...

Background The influence of air travel on influenza spread has been the subject numerous investigations using simulation, but very little empirical evidence provided. Understanding role airline in large-scale is especially important given mounting threat an pandemic. Several recent simulation studies have concluded that restrictions may not a significant impact course Here, we assess, with data, volume yearly inter-regional United States. Methods and Findings We measured rate timing States...

Earth's Plume Plumbing Volcanic hot spots, such as the one that continues to build Hawaiian Islands, are thought form by of two mechanisms: Either mantle plumes bring hot, buoyant material surface from deep within interior, or extensive processing upper plate tectonics causes localized volcanism in stressed heterogeneous crust. Wolfe et al. (p. 1388 ; see cover; news story Kerr ) used an array ocean-bottom and land-based seismometers reveal structure beneath Hawaii. These high-resolution...

Earlier inversions of body wave delay‐time data recorded during the ICEMELT portable broadband experiment imaged a cylindrical plume‐like low‐velocity anomaly extending to at least 400 km depth beneath Iceland, but extent resolvable by tomography has recently been called into question. We have performed several additional resolution tests evaluate tomographic models Icelandic upper mantle. The distribution paths waves can distinguish among three different types models: (a) wide and shallow...

Shear-wave splitting across the fast-spreading East Pacific Rise has been measured from records of SKS and SKKS phases on ocean-bottom seismometers Mantle Electromagnetic Tomography (MELT) Experiment. The direction fast shear-wave polarization is aligned parallel to spreading direction. Delay times between slow shear waves are asymmetric rise, off-axis values Plate twice those Nazca Plate. Splitting may reflect anisotropy associated with spreading-induced flow above a depth about 100 km, as...

We report the results of a microearthquake and seismic tomography experiment conducted along southern half Mid‐Atlantic Ridge segment at 29°N aimed investigating relationship earthquake structural characteristics to spreading processes. The velocity structure is obtained from two‐dimensional (2‐D) three‐dimensional (3‐D) tomographic inversions travel times shots an axial refraction line. Inversion solutions indicate that in lower crust heterogeneous, with higher velocities relatively thin...

The Hawaiian Islands are the canonical example of an age-progressive island chain, formed by volcanism long thought to be fed from a hotspot source that is more or less fixed in mantle. Geophysical data, however, have so far yielded contradictory evidence on subsurface structure. substantial bathymetric swell supportive anomalously hot upper mantle, yet seafloor heat flow region does not appear enhanced. accumulation magma beneath pre-existing crust (magmatic underplating) has been suggested...

Multichannel seismic lines, sonobuoy and gravity data across the Marquesas Islands are used to study volcano growth, island mass wasting, crustal underplating at chains with overfilled moats. The bathymetry reflects changing thickness of sedimentary infill rather than basement topography. moat contains two major regions differing stratigraphy: (1) edges, where a unit continuous layered reflectors is present containing minor lenses chaotic diffractors and, (2) central moat, deep basins by an...

Abstract The analysis and interpretation of seismicity from mantle depths to the surface play a key role in understanding how Hawaiian volcanoes work. We present results comprehensive systematic re‐analysis waveforms 130,902 seismic events recorded by U.S. Geological Survey Volcano Observatory permanent network January 1992 March 2009. compute high‐precision relative relocations for 101,390 (77% all considered) using waveform cross correlation cluster analysis, resulting multiyear...

The use of seismic noise interferometry to retrieve Green's functions and the analysis volcanic tremor are both useful in studying volcano dynamics. Whereas allows long-range extraction interpretable signals from a relatively weak wavefield, characterization often requires dense array close source. We here show that standard processing yields observable over large distances exceeding 50 km. Our study comprises 2.5 yr data U.S. Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory short period...

We present models of the 3-D shear velocity structure lithosphere and asthenosphere beneath Hawaiian hotspot surrounding region. The are derived from long-period Rayleigh-wave phase velocities that were obtained analysis seismic recordings collected during two year-long deployments for Plume-Lithosphere Undersea Mantle Experiment. For this experiment, broad-band sensors deployed at nearly 70 seafloor sites as well 10 on Islands. Our images result a two-step inversion path-averaged dispersion...

This article examines the properties of difference operators that are used to relocate earthquakes and remove path anomaly biases. There presently three established algorithms based on such techniques: (1) method Jordan Sverdrup (1981), (2) double-difference Got et al. (1994), (3) modified Waldhauser Ellsworth (2001). We show underlying mathematics these methods similar, although there distinct contrasts in how each is adapted. Our results provide insight into performance individual methods....

We present results from the first stage of ICEMELT broadband seismometer experiment designed to determine upper mantle structure beneath Iceland, a hotspot located on Mid‐Atlantic Ridge. Relative delays teleseismic body waves across Iceland are in excess l s for P and as large 3 S waves. The patterns wave suggest low‐velocity anomaly few hundred kilometers central consistent with signature upwelling hotspot. Shear‐wave splitting measurements fast polarization direction ϕ delay time δt...

We demonstrate that a recent dike intrusion probably triggered slow fault-slip event (SSE) on Kilauea volcano's mobile south flank. Our analysis combined models of Advanced Land Observing Satellite interferometric dike-intrusion displacement maps with continuous Global Positioning System (GPS) vectors to show deformation nearly identical four previous SSEs at occurred far-field sites shortly after the intrusion. model stress changes because both secular and find would increase Coulomb...