Abstract Rossby wave instability (RWI) is considered the underlying mechanism to crescent-shaped azimuthal asymmetries, discovered in (sub-)millimeter dust continuum of many protoplanetary disks. Previous works on linear theory were conducted hydrodynamic limit. Nevertheless, disks are likely magnetized and weakly ionized. We examine influence magnetic fields non-ideal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) effects - namely, Ohmic resistivity, Hall drift, ambipolar diffusion RWI unstable modes. perform...

The structure and evolution of protoplanetary disks (PPDs) are largely governed by disk angular momentum transport, mediated magnetic fields. In the most observable outer disk, PPD gas dynamics is primarily controlled ambipolar diffusion as dominant non-ideal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) effect. this work, we study in PPDs conducting a set global 3D MHD simulations with net poloidal flux, using Athena++ code, resolution comparable to local simulations. Our demonstrate co-existence magnetized...

Abstract Recent studies have shown that the large-scale gas dynamics of protoplanetary disks (PPDs) are controlled by nonideal magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), but how this influences dust is not fully understood. To end, we investigate stability dusty, magnetized subject to Hall effect, which applies planet-forming regions PPDs. We find a novel background drift instability (BDHI) may facilitate planetesimal formation in Hall-effected disk regions. Through combination linear analysis and...

Abstract The mechanisms of angular momentum transport and the level turbulence in protoplanetary disks (PPDs) are crucial for understanding many aspects planet formation. In recent years, it has been realized that magneto-rotational instability tends to be suppressed PPDs due nonideal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) effects, disk is primarily laminar with accretion driven by magnetized winds. parallel, several hydrodynamic have identified likely also generate vigorous drive accretion. this work,...

ABSTRACT The outer protoplanetary discs (PPDs) can be subject to the magnetorotational instability (MRI) and vertical shear (VSI). While both processes drive turbulence in disc, existing numerical simulations have studied them separately. In this paper, we conduct global 3D non-ideal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) for PPDs, with ambipolar diffusion instantaneous cooling, hence conductive instabilities. Given range of Elsässer numbers (Am) explored, it is found that VSI dominates over MRI when...

ABSTRACT The vertical shear instability (VSI) is a robust phenomenon in irradiated protoplanetary discs (PPDs). majority of previous numerical simulations have focused on the turbulent properties its saturated state. However, saturation VSI manifests as large-scale coherent radially travelling inertial waves. In this paper, we study inertial-wave-disc interactions and their impact saturation. Inertial-wave linear theory developed applied to representative global 2D simulation using athena++...

Abstract In the first paper of this series, Paper I investigated influence pure azimuthal and vertical magnetic fields on linear growth Rossby Wave Instability (RWI). second paper, we extend analysis to examine effect radial RWI modes, incorporating all three non-ideal MHD effects - Ohmic resistivity, Hall drift, ambipolar diffusion. The presence a field relies disk’s shear field. We perform radially global analyses solve matrix eigenvalue problems using spectral code Dedalus. It is found...

Abstract The great difference in dynamical range between small-scale accretion disk simulations and large-scale or cosmological creates difficulties tracking the wind kinematics. In first paper of this series, we studied dynamics hydrodynamic winds from outer edge toward galactic scales. paper, further incorporate magnetic fields by employing a one-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic model, with fiducial boundary conditions set for hot flows. solution is achieved through requiring gas to pass...

ABSTRACT The vertical shear instability (VSI) is a robust and potentially important phenomenon in irradiated protoplanetary discs (PPDs), yet the mechanism by which it saturates remains poorly understood. Global simulations suggest that non-linear evolution of VSI dominated radially propagating inertial wavetrains (called ‘body modes’), but these are known to be susceptible parametric instability. In this paper, we propose global via secondary instability, initiates redistribution energy...

The vertical shear instability (VSI) is a robust phenomenon in irradiated protoplanetary disks (PPDs). While there extensive literature on the VSI hydrodynamic limit, PPDs are expected to be magnetized and their extremely low ionization fractions imply that non-ideal magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) effects should properly considered. To this end, we present linear analyses of with Ohmic resistivity. We primarily consider toroidal magnetic fields, which likely dominate field geometry PPDs. perform...

ABSTRACT The vertical shear instability (VSI) is a promising mechanism to drive turbulence in protoplanetary discs. Numerical simulations the literature demonstrate that VSI non-linear saturation predominated by linear corrugation modes. These modes possess wavelengths crucially longer than radial wavelengths. This paper aims investigate natural wavelength of upon saturation, series numerical conducted Athena++ at different grid resolutions, disc aspect ratios, and viscosity parametrized ν....

ABSTRACT Mounting observational evidence indicates that cold circumstellar gas is present in debris disc systems. This work focuses on various dynamical processes may undergo. We review five mechanisms can transport angular momentum and their applications to discs. These include molecular viscosity, hydrodynamic turbulence, magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) magnetized winds, laminar magnetic stress. find viscosity result α as high ≲0.1 for sufficiently low densities, while the Rossby wave...

Rossby wave instability (RWI) is considered the underlying mechanism to crescent-shaped azimuthal asymmetries, discovered in (sub-)millimeter dust continuum of many protoplanetary disks. Previous works on linear theory were conducted hydrodynamic limit. Nevertheless, disks are likely magnetized and weakly ionized. We examine influence magnetic fields non-ideal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) effects - namely, Ohmic resistivity, Hall drift, ambipolar diffusion RWI unstable modes. perform radially...

The employment policies targeted at university graduates, which are exceedingly valuable to the national human resource, closely related economy and people's livelihood. for college students essential pathways promoting high-quality job placement making review evaluation of relevant significant. This study analyzes university-student issued between 1997 2023; researchers utilize text mining content analysis refer policy indicators designed by existing scholars develop an index student...

From a Chandra sample of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) in nearby galaxies, we find that for low-luminosity AGNs (LLAGNs), either the intrinsic absorption column density, or fraction absorbed AGNs, positively scales with Eddington ratio $L_{\rm bol}/L_{\rm Edd} \lesssim 10^{-2}$. Such behavior, along softness X-ray spectrum at low luminosities, is good agreement picture they are powered by hot accretion flows surrounding supermassive black holes. Numerical simulations outflows inevitable...

Abstract Winds from black hole accretion flows are ubiquitous. Previous works mainly focus on the launching of wind flow scale. It still remains unclear how far winds can propagate outward and what their large-scale dynamics is. As first paper this series, we study thermal beyond scales via analytical numerical methods. Boundary conditions, which crucial to our problem, analyzed presented based small-scale simulations combined with observations winds. Both galaxy potential taken into...

Mounting observational evidence indicates that cold circumstellar gas is present in debris disk systems. This work focuses on various dynamical processes debris-disk may undergo. We review five mechanisms can transport angular momentum and their applications to disks. These include molecular viscosity, hydrodynamic turbulence, magnetohydrodynamic magnetized winds, laminar magnetic stress. find viscosity result $\alpha$ as high $\lesssim 0.1$ for sufficiently low densities, while the Rossby...

Abstract The vertical shear instability (VSI) is widely believed to be effective in driving turbulence protoplanetary disks. Prior studies on VSI exclusively exploit the reflecting boundary conditions (BCs) at disk surfaces. depends critically behaviors of waves We extend earlier by performing a comprehensive numerical analysis with partially BCs for both axisymmetric and non-axisymmetric unstable modes. find that growth rates modes diminish when outgoing component flow greater than incoming...

Building on our first paper in this series, we investigate the impact of radial magnetic fields and non-ideal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) effects - specifically, Ohmic resistivity, Hall drift, ambipolar diffusion RWI unstable modes. The presence a field is linked to disk's vertical shear field. We perform radially global linear analyses utilize spectral code \textsc{Dedalus} solve matrix eigenvalue problems. Our findings reveal that exhibit behavior similar fields. In ideal MHD limit, enhance...

The vertical shear instability (VSI) is widely believed to be effective in driving turbulence protoplanetary disks. Prior studies on VSI exclusively exploit the reflecting boundary conditions (BCs) at disk surfaces. depends critically behaviors of waves We extend earlier by performing a comprehensive numerical analysis with partially BCs for both axisymmetric and non-axisymmetric unstable modes. find that growth rates modes diminish when outgoing component flow greater than incoming one...

Recent studies have shown that the large-scale gas dynamics of protoplanetary disks (PPDs) are controlled by non-ideal magneto-hydrodynamics (MHD), but how this influences dust is not fully understood. To end, we investigate stability dusty, magnetized subject to Hall effect, which applies planet-forming regions PPDs. We find a novel Background Drift Instability (BDHI) may facilitate planetesimal formation in Hall-effected disk regions. Through combination linear analysis and nonlinear...