Several methods for testing mediation hypotheses with 2-level nested data have been proposed by researchers using a multilevel modeling (MLM) paradigm. However, these MLM approaches do not accommodate pathways Level-2 outcomes and may produce conflated estimates of between- within-level components indirect effects. Moreover, each appeared in isolation, so unified framework that integrates the existing methods, as well new models, is lacking. Here we show structural equation (MSEM) paradigm...

Scales with varying degrees of measurement reliability are often used in the context multistage sampling, where variance exists at multiple levels analysis (e.g., individual and group). Because methodological guidance on assessing reporting is currently lacking, we discuss importance examining level-specific reliability. We present a simulation study an applied example showing different methods for estimating multilevel using confirmatory factor provide supporting Mplus program code....

Testing multilevel mediation using hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) has gained tremendous popularity in recent years. However, potential confounding effect estimates can arise these models when within-group effects differ from between-group effects. This study summarizes three types of HLM-based models, and then explains that two be produced erroneous conclusions may derived popularly recommended procedures. A Monte Carlo simulation illustrates procedures underestimate or overestimate true...

Abstract Multilevel modeling (MLM) is a popular way of assessing mediation effects with clustered data. Two important limitations this approach have been identified in prior research and theoretical rationale has provided for why multilevel structural equation (MSEM) should be preferred. However, to date, no empirical evidence MSEM's advantages relative MLM approaches analysis provided. Nor it demonstrated that MSEM performs adequately an absolute sense. This study addresses these gaps finds...

Social scientists are increasingly interested in multilevel hypotheses, data, and statistical models as well moderation or interactions among predictors. The result is a focus on hypotheses tests of within across levels analysis. Unfortunately, existing approaches to have variety shortcomings, including conflated effects analysis bias due using observed cluster averages instead latent variables (i.e., "random intercepts") represent higher-level constructs. To overcome these problems...

Loneliness is known to be associated with multiple adverse physical outcomes, including higher mortality and morbidity risk. However, the impact of loneliness on mental health less well researched, most studies assessing how relates depressive symptoms alone. We hypothesized that 2 relate fear others-social anxiety paranoia-would contribute loneliness. examined social anxiety, paranoia, depression in a general community sample aged 18-87 years old (N = 1,010). administered online measures...

This paper introduces the “Bayesian revolution” that is sweeping across multiple disciplines but has yet to gain a foothold in organizational research. The foundations of Bayesian estimation and inference are first reviewed. Then, two empirical examples provided show how methods can overcome limitations frequentist methods: (a) structural equation model testosterone’s effect on status teams, where approach allows directly testing traditional null hypothesis as research estimating all...

This is the first paper in a series of two that synthesizes, compares, and extends methods for causal inference with longitudinal panel data structural equation modeling (SEM) framework. Starting cross-lagged approach, this builds general model (GCLM) parameters to account stable factors while increasing range dynamic processes can be modeled. We illustrate GCLM by examining relationship between national income subjective well-being (SWB), showing how examine hypotheses about short-run (via...

It is often claimed that only experiments can support strong causal inferences and therefore they should be privileged in the behavioral sciences. We disagree. Overvaluing results their overuse both by researchers decision makers an underappreciation of shortcomings. Neglect other methods follows. Experiments suggest whether X causes Y a specific experimental setting; however, fail to elucidate either mechanisms responsible for effect or strength everyday natural settings. In this article,...

This article compares a general cross-lagged model (GCLM) to other panel data methods based on their coherence with causal logic and pragmatic concerns regarding modeled dynamics hypothesis testing. We examine three “static” models that do not incorporate temporal dynamics: random- fixed-effects estimate contemporaneous relationships; latent curve models. then describe “dynamic” in the form of lagged effects: estimated structural equation (SEM) or multilevel (MLM) framework; Arellano-Bond...

The use of structural equation modeling (SEM) has grown substantially over the past 40 years within organizational research and beyond. There have been many different developments in SEM that make it increasingly useful for a variety data types, designs, questions, contexts sciences. To give researchers better understanding how why is used, our article ( a) presents review applications research; b) discusses best practices; c) explores advanced applications, including instrumental variable...

This article integrates material from the study of rites, rituals, and ceremonies to apply these constructs organizations. A brief history is offered. Theories concerning components, types, functions are described, followed by a survey field research in organizations that applies theories. Conclusions about current state knowledge implications for future study.

Analytic techniques have associated mindsets that can determine the way scholars conceptualize their objects of study. I propose switching these “analytical mindsets” lead to new theoretical insights. Using two examples, show how analytical allows for divergent, creative thinking help researchers generate foci. conclude by discussing importance attending methodology when engaging in process theory construction.

This paper presents an evolutionary argument for the role of dreams in development human cognitive processes. While a theory by Revonsuo (2000) proposes that allow threat rehearsal and therefore provide advantage, goal this is to extend commenting on other fitness-enhancing aspects dreams. Rather than simple mechanism, it argued reflect more general virtual mechanism likely play important capacities. draws current work neuroscience philosophy mind developing argument.

Abstract We examine the influence of genetics on economic risk preferences by administering a measure these to monozygotic (MZ) (i.e., identical) and dizygotic (DZ) non‐identical) twin pairs. Our analysis supports dominant genetic effect virtually no additive preferences, with heritability estimated at 0.63. These findings suggest that over half variation in such can be explained factors, remainder variance environmental influences not shared among sibling twins. discuss implications our for...

Faultline theory proposes that when the distributions of individuals’ attributes in groups are aligned, they create homogeneous subgroups, characterized by within-group similarities and between-group differences. As homogeneity increases, these differences increasingly likely to acquire meaning subgroup members thus influence behavior. Although face validity faultlines is appealing, empirical methods have been difficult. The most commonly used, Fau FLS, several limitations, for instance...