A novel advantage of the use machine learning (ML) systems in medicine is their potential to continue from new data after implementation clinical practice. To date, considerations ethical questions raised by design and adaptive have, for most part, been confined discussion so-called "update problem," which concerns how regulators should approach whose performance parameters change even they have received regulatory approval. In this paper, we draw attention a prior question: whether...

Abstract The revival of virtue ethics over the last thirty‐five years has produced a bewildering diversity theories, which on face it seem united only by their opposition to various features more familiar Kantian and Utilitarian ethical theories. In this paper I present systematic account main positive ethics, articulating common ground shared its different varieties. do so not offer fresh defence but rather provide conceptual map that locates claims arguments in relation those rival...

Medical school curricula and postgraduate education programmes expend considerable resources teaching medical ethics. Simultaneously, whistleblowers' agitation continues, at great personal cost, to prompt major intrainstitutional public inquiries that reveal problems with the application of ethics particular clinical "coalfaces". Virtue ethics, emphasising techniques promoting an agent's character instructing their conscience, has become a significant mode discourse in modern Healthcare...

Controlled Human Infection Model (CHIM) research involves the infection of otherwise healthy participants with disease often for sake vaccine development. The COVID-19 pandemic has emphasised urgency enhancing CHIM capability and importance having clear ethical guidance their conduct. payment is a controversial issue involving stakeholders across ethics, medicine policymaking allegations circulating suggesting exploitation, coercion other violations principles. There are multiple approaches...

Despite advances in palliative care, some patients still suffer significantly at the end of life. Terminal Sedation (TS) refers to use sedatives dying until point death. The following limits are commonly applied: (1) symptoms should be refractory, (2) administered proportionally and (3) patient imminently dying. term ‘Expanded TS’ (ETS) can used describe sedation life outside one or more these limits. In this paper, we explore defend ETS, focusing on jurisdictions where assisted is lawful....

This paper argues that the provision of effective informed consent by surgical patients requires disclosure material information about comparative clinical performance available surgeons. We develop a new ethical argument for conclusion surgeons' performance--surgeons' report cards--should be provided to patients, has already been supported legal and economic arguments. consider some recent institutional developments in this area, we respond common objections use cards on

In many recent discussions of the morality actions where both good and bad consequences foreseeably ensue, moral significance distinction between intended foreseen is rejected. This thought to bear on status by those who support Doctrine Double Effect (DDE). According this doctrine, roughly speaking, perform an action intending bring about a particular effect as means some commensurate end impermissible, while performing one intends only merely foresees unintended sideeffect may be...

Background: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is an experimental brain technology that may one day be used to enhance the cognitive capacities of children. Discussion about ethical issues this would raise has rarely moved beyond expert circles. However, opinions wider public can lead more democratic policy decisions and broaden academic discussion issue. Methods: We performed a quantitative survey members U.S. public. A between-subjects design was employed, where conditions...

The United Kingdom is currently introducing public reporting of performance information for individual cardiac surgeons. reports will indicate whether a surgeon has an acceptable level performance, measured by in-hospital mortality. In the States, surgeon-specific data have been available over decade. Arguments from both safety and accountability perspectives provide strong justifications such data. Were Australia to adopt similar processes, we should learn overseas experiences. Surgical...

I argue here that good medical ethics requires an empirically-informed moral psychology of virtue along with sound action-guiding prescriptions for virtuous practice. After distinguishing between three levels justification, indicate how can draw constructively on relevant empirical research in developing feasible and realistic aspirational standards doctors, evaluating policymakers support doctors acting the virtues agreed to be guided by when they joined profession.

In the cultural controversy surrounding “violent video games,” manufacturers and players of games often insist that computer are a form harmless entertainment is unlikely to influence real-world activities players. Yet military simulations used by organizations across world teach modern arts war, from how shoot gun teamwork, leadership skills, values, sensitivity. We survey number ways reconciling these apparently contradictory claims argue none them ultimately successful. Thus, either wrong...

ABSTRACT In this paper we argue that the standard focus on problems of informed consent in debates about ethics human experimentation is inadequate because it fails to capture a more fundamental way which such experiments may be wrong. Taking clinical trials as our case point, suggest moral offence using people mere means better characterizes what wrong with violations personal autonomy certain kinds trials. This account also helps bring out another important participants my violated, even...