By performing cDNA AFLP on pre- and early parasitic juveniles, we identified genes encoding a novel type of ubiquitin extension proteins secreted by the dorsal pharyngeal gland in cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii. The consist three domains, signal peptide for secretion, mono-ubiquitin domain, short C-terminal positively charged domain. A gfp-fusion this protein is targeted to nucleolus tobacco BY-2 cells. We hypothesize that might have regulatory function during syncytium formation plant roots.

Animals using toxic peptides and proteins for predation or defense typically depend on specialized morphological structures, like fangs, spines, a stinger, effective intoxication. Here we show that amphibian poisons instead incorporate their own molecular system toxin delivery to attacking predators. Skin-secreted peptides, generally considered part of the immune system, permeabilize oral epithelial tissue enable fast access cosecreted toxins predator's bloodstream organs. This...

Summary A spergillus fumigatus and free‐living amoebae are common inhabitants of soil. Mechanisms . to circumvent the amoeba's digestion may facilitate overcoming vertebrate macrophage defence mechanisms. We performed co‐culture experiments using conidia amoeba canthamoeba castellanii Approximately 25% ingested A. after 1 h contact. During intra‐amoebal passage, part was able escape food vacuole germinate inside cytoplasm Fungal release into extra‐protozoan environment by exocytosis or...

In animals, bright colors often evolve to mimic other species when a resemblance is selectively favored. Understanding the proximate mechanisms underlying such color mimicry can give insights into how evolves-for example, whether convergence evolves from shared set of or through evolution novel production mechanisms. We studied in poison frogs (Dendrobatidae), focusing on complex Ranitomeya imitator. Using reflectance spectrometry, skin pigment analysis, electron microscopy, and modeling, we...

This study provides fundamental information about the influence of salt on physicochemical stability oregano essential oil (EO) and its main components incorporated in a nanoemulsion delivery system containing Tween 80 (T80) emulsifier. The emulsion was found to be strongly correlated with lipid phase composition type salts. nanoemulsions remained stable for several weeks absence Moreover, they were insensitive tetrabutylammonium bromide, whereas similar carvacrol emulsions, exhibited rapid...

Summary The ultrastructure of immature and mature spermatozoa, as well the sperm components within oocyte following fertilisation gamete fusion, are investigated in free-living marine nematode, Pontonema vulgare . Immature spermatozoa from testis exhibit a stellate nucleus with nuclear envelope surrounding poorly condensed chromatin. filamentous cytoplasm contains minute mitochondria osmiophilic membranous organelles (MO) vacuolated structure. Mature found uterus amoeboid cells, polarised...

Background and AimsThe anatomy of Equisetum stems is characterized by the occurrence vallecular carinal canals. Previous studies on canals in several species suggest that they convey water from one node to another.

The colonies of Microcystis, one the most common bloom-forming cyanobacteria worldwide, harbor a diverse community microorganisms. Among these, naked amoebae feeding on Microcystis cells can strongly influence natural population dynamics. In this study, we investigated species diversity these based 26 Microcystis-associated (MAA) strains from eutrophied water bodies in Belgium and elsewhere western Europe. A detailed morphological characterization combination with 18S rDNA (SSU) phylogenies...

The family Tylenchidae is phylogenetically important to understanding early‐branching Tylenchomorpha and assess soil ecosystems. In this study, we focus on Malenchus Filenchus as representatives of the Tylenchidae. Samples collected worldwide result in 58 new sequences, light microscopy transmission electron provide details morphological features. For first time, comprehensive data are evaluated context a molecular framework, thus highlighting phylogenetic evolutionary complexity...

† Background and Aims Extraxylary helical cell wall thickenings in vascular plants are not well documented, except for those orchid velamen tissues which have been studied extensively.Reports on their occurrence ferns exist, but detailed information is missing.The aim of this study to focus the broad patterns structure composition taxonomic fern family Aspleniaceae.† Methods Structural compositional aspects roots examined by means light, electron, epifluorescence laser scanning confocal...

Since the development of X-ray computed tomography as a medical diagnostic tool, it was adapted and extended for many scientific applications, including plant structure research. As biological studies, sample preparation is major importance to obtain good-quality images. Therefore, we present new method fresh material which includes critical point drying heavy metal staining. This technique enhances contrast tissues, prevents artefacts such tissue compression, requires no embedding.

An intracellular bacterium, strain IAS T , was observed to infect several species of the plant-parasitic nematode genus Xiphinema ( astaregiense incertum madeirense pachtaicum parapachydermum and vallense ). The bacterium could not be recovered on axenic medium. 16S rRNA gene sequence found new, being related family Burkholderiaceae, class Betaproteobacteria. Fungal endosymbionts Mycoavidus cysteinexigens B1-EB (92.9 % identity) ‘ Candidatus Glomeribacter gigasporarum’ BEG34 (89.8 are...

Abstract Transovarial transmission of bacterial symbionts in Xiphinema brevicollum was examined by means electron microscopical- and fluorescence microscopical observations intra-uterine freshly laid non-embryonated eggs, as well embryonated eggs. The are mainly aggregated near one the egg poles this is observed bacteria present intestinal cells first stage juveniles that still enclosed egg-shell. In subsequent juvenile developmental stages their number increases filled with symbionts....

Abstract Spermiogenesis in Macrostomum lignano (Macrostomorpha, Rhabditophora) is described using light‐ and electron microscopy of the successive stages sperm development. Ovoid spermatids develop to highly complex, elongated possessing an undulating distal (anterior) process (or “feeler”), bristles, a proximal (posterior) brush. In particular, we present detailed account morphology ontogeny describing for first time formation specialized bristle complex consisting several parts. This...

Cysts of free-living protozoa have an impact on the ecology and epidemiology bacteria because they may act as a transmission vector or shelter against hash environmental conditions. Detection localization intracystic examination en- excystment dynamics is major challenge no detailed protocols for ultrastructural analysis cysts are currently available. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) ideally suited those analyses; however, conventional TEM not satisfactory protozoa. Here we report...

Teeth are generally used for actions in which they experience mainly compressive forces acting toward the base. The ordered tooth enamel(oid) and dentin structures contribute to high strength but also minor shear tensile strengths. Some vertebrates, however, use their teeth scraping, with experiencing directed mostly normal long axis. scraping suckermouth catfishes (Loricariidae) even appear have flexible teeth, not been found any other vertebrate taxon. Considering mineralized nature of...

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTIsolation and Structure Determination of a New Roquefortine-Related Mycotoxin from Penicillium verrucosum var. cyclopium Isolated CassavaA. Musuku, M. I. Selala, T. de Bruyne, Claeys, P. J. C. Schepens, A. Tsatsakis, ShtilmanCite this: Nat. Prod. 1994, 57, 7, 983–987Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 July 2004Published inissue 1...

Abstract Because chemical fixatives have a profound negative influence on tissue morphology and antigenicity, alternative fixation methods must be applied for some purposes. In this work we used high-pressure freezing (HPF) followed by freeze substitution to maximally preserve antigenicity morphology. We developed pipette method bringing living Caenorhabditis elegans nematodes into the HPF recipient. Using cellulose tubes, it is possible select individual fixation. were able complete adults...