Abstract This paper presents new international comparative evidence on the factors driving inequalities in use of GP and specialist services 12 EU member states. The data are taken from 1996 wave European Community Household Panel (ECHP). We examine two types utilisation (the probability a visit conditional number positive visits) for medical care: general practitioner visits using probit, truncated Negbin generalised models. find little or no income‐related inequity these countries....

Abstract This paper considers the dynamics of a categorical indicator self‐assessed health using eight waves (1991–1998) British Household Panel Survey (BHPS). Our analysis has three focal points: relative contributions state dependence and heterogeneity in explaining health, existence consequences health‐related sample attrition, investigation effects measures socioeconomic status, with particular focus on educational attainment income. To investigate these issues we use dynamic panel...

Abstract This paper shows the importance of double‐hurdle approach for modelling individuals' cigarette consumption, using data from UK General Household Survey, and argues that participation consumption should be treated as separate individual choices. The likelihood function full is derived, it shown how restrictions on stochastic specification model auxillary information, which identifies ex‐smokers, allow to decomposed. empirical results highlight value sample separation information need...

Abstract We use data from the UK Household Longitudinal Study (UKHLS) to compare measures of socioeconomic inequality in psychological distress, measured by General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), before (Waves 9 and Interim 2019 Wave) during first wave COVID‐19 pandemic (April July 2020). Based on a caseness measure, prevalence distress increased 18.5% 27.7% between Wave April 2020 with some reversion earlier levels subsequent months. Also, there was systematic increase total Likert GHQ‐12...

Objective To explore whether large language models (LLMs) Generated Pre-trained Transformer (GPT)-3 and ChatGPT can write clinical letters predict management plans for common orthopaedic scenarios. Design Fifteen scenarios were generated GPT-3 prompted to separately generate identical with removed. Main outcome measures Letters assessed readability using the Readable Tool. Accuracy of by three independent surgery clinicians. Results Both complete all after single prompting. Readability was...

Summary The annual 5% increase in tobacco taxes real terms proposed the recent White Paper on smoking has reaffirmed commitment of successive UK Governments to above-inflation increases taxation encourage people stop smoking. This paper presents evidence determinants starting and quitting by using data from British Health Lifestyle Survey is first identify tax elasticities for data. Self-reported individual histories are coupled with a long time series rate cigarettes construct longitudinal...

Summary The paper considers health-related non-response in the first 11 waves of British Household Panel Survey and full eight European Community explores its consequences for dynamic models association between socioeconomic status self-assessed health. We describe pattern that is revealed by data. both test correct empirical effect on Descriptive evidence shows there data, with those very poor initial health more likely to drop out, variable addition tests provide bias panel data...

Abstract This paper reports estimates based on both standard Tobit and generalized techniques of the determinants charitable giving in UK using 1984 Family Expenditure Survey data. is first such study Separate are presented participation level donations by households. Participation seen to be sensitive income, tax-price giving, a range demographic variables, while varies primarily with income. Donations found inelastic respect changes disposable

ABSTRACT This note shows how the sample likelihood of full double‐hurdle model with dependence can be reformulated to allow estimation standard econometric software. An illustrative example is provided, using data on tobacco expenditure by households in 1984 UK Family Expenditure Survey.

Abstract The dependent double‐hurdle model is generalized by an inverse hyperbolic sine transformation of the variable. resulting specification features a flexible parameterization, accommodates heteroskedastic errors, and nests range common limited variable models. Results for U.S. household cheese consumption suggest that homoskedastic normal misspecified. Income elasticities are small vary across groups. Foodstamp recipients more responsive to income changes than nonrecipients. also less...